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five year term (of office)

  • 1 five-year

    ['faɪv'jɪǝ(r)]
    1.
    ADJ [period, term of office] de cinco años
    2.
    CPD

    five-year plan N — plan m quinquenal

    English-spanish dictionary > five-year

  • 2 term

    n
    1) срок (тюремного заключения, пребывания на посту и т.п.); предел; период
    2) термин; выражение
    3) pl условия; отношения
    •

    to abide by terms — выполнять / соблюдать условия

    to accept the terms — принимать условия; соглашаться на условия

    to agree to smb's terms — соглашаться на чьи-л. условия

    to be on bad / good terms — быть в плохих / хороших отношениях

    to begin one's term of office — начинать срок своего пребывания у власти

    to come to term with what happened — примиряться с тем, что произошло

    to complete one's term — отбыть наказание

    to couch smth in very friendly terms — излагать что-л. в очень дружелюбных выражениях

    to cut short smb's term — сокращать срок пребывания кого-л. у власти / в заключении

    to dictate one's term — диктовать свои условия

    to discuss smth in general terms — обсуждать что-л. в общем виде

    to extend smb's term (in office) — продлевать срок чьего-л. пребывания у власти

    to give smb a six-year term — приговаривать кого-л. к шестилетнему тюремному заключению

    to impose long prison terms — приговаривать кого-л. к длительным срокам тюремного заключения

    to improve the terms of trade — улучшать / совершенствовать условия торговли

    to last one's full term of office — дотягивать до конца установленного срока пребывания у власти

    to protest to smb in the strongest terms — заявлять кому-л. резкий протест

    to return smb to his third term of office — избирать кого-л. на третий срок

    to sentence smb to a long prison term — приговаривать кого-л. к длительному тюремному заключению

    to serve one's term under a harsh regime — отбывать заключение в тюрьме строго режима

    to serve out the remainder of one's term as President — дослужить до конца срока в качестве президента

    to spell out one's terms for peace — излагать свои условия мира

    to win one's second term in office — быть избранным на второй срок

    - arbitration term
    - bid for a fourth term in office
    - binding terms of contract
    - ceasefire terms
    - concessionaire terms
    - couched in polite terms
    - deferred payment terms
    - disastrous entry terms
    - early in smb's term
    - easy terms
    - equal terms
    - expiration of the term of office
    - expired term
    - favorable terms
    - fettering terms
    - fixed term
    - for an indefinite term
    - harsh jail term
    - harsh terms
    - hostile terms
    - humiliating peace terms
    - in absolute terms
    - in diplomatic terms
    - in distinct term
    - in dollar terms
    - in general terms
    - in military terms
    - in monetary terms
    - in money terms
    - in no uncertain terms
    - in numerical terms
    - in per capita terms
    - in percentage terms
    - in physical terms
    - in quantitative terms
    - in real terms
    - in restrained terms
    - in strong terms
    - in terms of figures
    - in terms of gold
    - in terms of money
    - in terms of numbers
    - in terms of percentage points
    - in terms of production
    - in terms of value
    - in terms of
    - in terms
    - in the clearest terms
    - in the long term
    - in unequivocal terms
    - in unmistakable terms
    - in value terms
    - initial term of a convention
    - intermediate term
    - long term
    - mutually acceptable terms
    - mutually advantageous terms
    - on acceptable terms
    - on advantageous terms
    - on beneficial terms
    - on conventional terms
    - on easy terms
    - on equal terms
    - on even terms
    - on favorable terms
    - on hard terms
    - on highly concessional interest terms
    - on hire-purchase terms
    - on lobby terms
    - on low interest terms
    - on most favored nation term
    - on much easier terms
    - on mutually advantageous terms
    - on reasonable terms
    - on soft terms
    - on straight business terms
    - on term of complete equality
    - on terms
    - on the usual trade terms
    - one-sided terms
    - out-of-court compensation terms
    - peace terms
    - political term
    - preferential term for the supply of smth
    - prior to the expiration of the term
    - prison term
    - prison terms ranging from five years to life
    - probationary term
    - prolongation of the term
    - shipping terms
    - short term
    - smb's second / third term in office
    - soft terms
    - term in office ends in December
    - term in office expires in December
    - terms and conditions
    - terms of a contract
    - terms of a treaty
    - terms of an agreement
    - terms of delivery
    - terms of existing international instruments
    - terms of financing
    - terms of interest
    - terms of office
    - terms of payment
    - terms of reference
    - terms of sale     - terms of trade
    - terms ranging from 18 months to 7 years
    - terms required of smb
    - tough terms
    - trade terms
    - trial term
    - two-year term
    - unacceptable terms
    - under the terms of a clearing agreement
    - under the terms of the peace plan
    - under the terms of the treaty
    - unexpired term
    - usual terms

    Politics english-russian dictionary > term

  • 3 term

    1. n период, срок; время; продолжительность

    the Labour Party tried to achieve this during its various terms of office — лейбористская партия пыталась добиться этого в периоды своего пребывания у власти

    2. n срок тюремного заключения
    3. n срок квартальных платежей

    tenant of the term — владелец на срок; арендатор на срок

    4. n семестр, четверть

    in term, during term — в течение семестра

    5. n триместр

    Easter term — весенний триместр, пасхальный триместр

    Lent term — великопостный триместр, весенний триместр

    6. n сессия
    7. n обыкн. l
    8. n условия

    term of paragraph — условие; раздел

    9. n условия оплаты

    what are your terms? — каковы ваши условия?, сколько вы берёте?

    10. n обыкн. отношения
    11. n термин

    ground term — базовый терм; элементарный терм

    12. n выражение; слово
    13. n выражения, язык, способ выражаться

    in set terms — определённо, ясно

    14. n уст. граница, предел
    15. n уст. цель, конечная точка
    16. n уст. исходная, отправная точка; начало
    17. n уст. уст. назначенное время; срок

    long term — долгий срок; долгосрочный

    18. n уст. аренда на срок; срок выполнения обязательств
    19. n уст. назначенный день уплаты аренды
    20. n мед. нормальный период беременности; своевременное разрешение от бремени

    term infant — ребёнок, родившийся в срок

    21. n мед. уст. менструация
    22. n мед. мат. лог. член, элемент; терм
    23. n мед. физ. энергетический уровень; терм
    24. n мед. архит. колонна со скульптурой, пьедестал с бюстом; терм
    25. v выражать, называть
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. administration (noun) administration; reign; rule
    2. condition (noun) condition; provision; proviso; qualification; reservation; specification; stipulation
    3. interval (noun) interval; spell
    4. life (noun) existence; life; lifetime
    5. limit (noun) bound; confines; end; limit; limitation
    6. period (noun) period; season; span
    7. period of time (noun) course; course of time; period of confinement; period of tenure; period of time; quarter; semester; session
    8. time (noun) duration; span; stretch; time
    9. word (noun) appellation; designation; expression; locution; name; nomenclature; phrase; terminology; vocable; word
    10. name (verb) baptise; baptize; call; characterise; christen; denominate; designate; dub; entitle; label; name; style; tag; title

    English-Russian base dictionary > term

  • 4 term

    tə:m 1. noun
    1) (a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.) periode, åremål
    2) (a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.) termin, semester
    3) (a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.) faguttrykk, vending
    •
    2. verb
    (to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract'.)
    - in terms of
    frist
    --------
    periode
    --------
    semester
    --------
    termin
    I
    subst. \/tɜːm\/
    1) tid, periode
    2) ( skolevesen eller universitet) termin, semester
    3) ( jus) rettstermin, sesjon
    4) ( om betaling) termin, betalingstid, betalingstermin, forfallsdato
    5) (om lån, forsikring e.l.) løpetid
    6) ( om fødsel) termin, normal nedkomsttid
    7) term, betegnelse
    8) ( matematikk og logikk) term, ledd
    9) (arkitektur, romersk antikk) term, terminus, grensestein
    10) ( gammeldags eller litterært) grense, slutt, mål
    11) ( mest i flertall) betingelse, (betalings)vilkår, pris
    12) ( mest i flertall) ord, ordelag, vending, uttrykksmåte
    be on good terms with være på god fot med, ha et godt forhold til
    be on the best of terms with ha det beste forhold til
    be on terms of intimacy with ha et (erotisk) forhold til
    bring to terms bringe til fornuft
    come to terms with komme til en overenskomst med, komme overens med finne seg i, akseptere
    for the term of (one's) life på livstid, hele livet
    in general terms i generelle vendinger
    in no uncertain terms i utvetydige ordelag\/vendinger, med all ønskelig\/mulig tydelighet
    in terms of something hva angår noe, når det gjelder noe, uttrykt i noe, forvandlet til noe, i form av noe
    in terms of the highest praise i høyst berømmende ordelag
    in the long term i det lange løp, på lang sikt
    on easy terms på fordelaktige vilkår, med fordelaktige vilkår på avbetaling
    on equal\/level terms på like vilkår, som likemenn
    part on the best of terms skilles som de beste venner
    set a term to something sette en grense for noe
    term of office embetstid, embetsperiode, valgperiode
    term of payment betalingstermin, betalingstid forfallsdato
    term of reproach nedsettende uttrykk, skjellsord
    term's rent kvartalsleie
    terms of reference oppgitt ramme, mandat
    terms of trade handelsbetingelser
    II
    verb \/tɜːm\/
    benevne, betegne, kalle

    English-Norwegian dictionary > term

  • 5 quinquennat

    quinquennat [kɛ̃kena]
    masculine noun
    * * *
    kɛ̃kena nm
    * * *
    1 ( plan) five-year plan;
    2 ( mandat) five-year mandate, five-year term.
    [kɛ̃kena] nom masculin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > quinquennat

  • 6 President

       The head of state, under the constitution of the French Fifth Republic (Cinquième république). The French president is elected by direct universal suffrage, for a term of five years in office. Since the 2008 constitutional reform introduced by President Sarkozy, a president may serve no more than two five-year terms in office. Election by universal suffrage was first introduced following a referendum organised by General de Gaulle in 1962. Originally the presidential term in office was seven years, with one president, F. Mitterrand, serving a full two terms. With presidential and legislative elections operating according to different calendars, swings in the popularity of parties and their leaders led in the mid eighties to situations or " Cohabitation", with presidents and parliamentary majorities from different sides of the political spectrum. In 2002, presidential and legislative elections were held within two months of each other, each leading to five year terms in office for those elected; thus president Chirac emerged for a second term in office with a solid parliamentary majority of his own supporters.
       The president is responsible for choosing his Prime Minister (see Premier Ministre), who proposes a team of government ministers which the president must approve. He is the chief of the executive, who oversees weekly cabinet meetings (see Conseil des ministres), and promulgates new laws. He is also the commander in chief of French forces. He has the power to dissolve theNational Assembly and call legislative elections - a power used rather disastrously in 1997 by Jacques Chirac, who dissolved the Assembly in attempt to give his "presidential majority" a rather less slender majority, only to see the Socialist opposition voted into power.
       In exceptional cases of national emergency, Article 16 of the Constitutiongives the president the power to rule without the consent of parliament.
       See also Giscard d'Estaing, Pompidou

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > President

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 elect

    2) вирішувати, робити вибір, віддавати перевагу; обирати ( голосуванням); призначати ( на посаду)
    3) обраний, але не який вступив на посаду ( у постпозиції до іменника President тощо); відбірний
    •
    - elect a judge
    - elect a presidential elector
    - elect a public official
    - elect an honorary presidium
    - elect an officer
    - elect an official
    - elect by a simple majority
    - elect by ballot
    - elect by popular vote
    - elect by show of hands
    - elect by universal suffrage
    - elect directly
    - elect for a second term
    - elect members of a commission
    - elect to an office

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > elect

  • 9 periode

    1 [tijdvak] period ⇒ time, 〈 fase〉 phase, 〈 episode〉 episode, 〈 episode〉 chapter
    2 [kringloop] period ⇒ cycle
    3 [scheikunde] period
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een korte periode van strenge vorst • a cold snap/spell
         uit een vroege/late periode • of (a/an) early/late date
         in een periode van vijf jaar • in a period/space of five years
         een periode van mooi weer • a spell of fine weather
         verkozen voor een periode van twee jaar • elected for a two-year term (of office)

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > periode

  • 10 Bundespräsident

    1. German / Austrian ( oder Federal) President
    2. Schweiz: President of the Confederation
    * * *
    The Bundespräsident, elected by the Bundesversammlung, is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. The term of office is five years and the President can be re-elected only once. The Bundespräsident's main task is to represent Germany at home and abroad. Since the office is non-party political, presidents can make use of their status to draw attention to social problems and abuses of power. The Austrian Bundespräsident is also the head of state, but is elected by the people. The term of office is six years, with a possible second term. The President can dissolve the Nationalrat and appoints and dismisses the Bundeskanzler. In Switzerland the Bundespräsident is the chairman of the Bundesrat and is in office for a period of one year only. The President is not head of state, but he represents the country abroad. See: → Bundeskanzler, Bundesrat, Bundesversammlung, Nationalrat
    * * *
    Bun·des·prä·si·dent(in)
    m(f) BRD, ÖSTERR President [or Head of State] of the Federal Republic of Germany/Austria; SCHWEIZ President of the Confederation
    * * *
    1) [Federal] President
    2) (schweiz.) President of the Confederation
    •• Cultural note:
    The Federal Government consists of the Bundeskanzler and the Bundesminister (Federal Ministers).The Chancellor appoints ministers and determines their number and responsibilities in the Cabinet. Ministers run their ministries independently but within the framework of the guidelines of the Chancellor's policy.
    The President is the head of state in Germany and Austria. The German president is elected for five years by the MPs and delegates from the Länder. He (so far there have not been any women) acts mainly as a figurehead, representing Germany abroad, and does not get involved in party politics, although he often takes a moral lead in major issues and can exercise personal authority through his neutral mediating function. The Bundespräsident can only be re-elected once
    * * *
    1. German/Austrian ( oder Federal) President
    2. Schweiz: President of the Confederation
    * * *
    1) [Federal] President
    2) (schweiz.) President of the Confederation
    •• Cultural note:
    The Federal Government consists of the Bundeskanzler and the Bundesminister (Federal Ministers).The Chancellor appoints ministers and determines their number and responsibilities in the Cabinet. Ministers run their ministries independently but within the framework of the guidelines of the Chancellor's policy.
    The President is the head of state in Germany and Austria. The German president is elected for five years by the MPs and delegates from the Länder. He (so far there have not been any women) acts mainly as a figurehead, representing Germany abroad, and does not get involved in party politics, although he often takes a moral lead in major issues and can exercise personal authority through his neutral mediating function. The Bundespräsident can only be re-elected once

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Bundespräsident

  • 11 período

    m.
    1 period, period of time, length of time, time.
    2 period, epoch, age.
    3 period, menses, menstruation period, menstruation.
    4 period, cycle.
    5 stage in a process, stadium.
    * * *
    1 period
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    período1
    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.

    Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

    Ex: This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex: The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex: In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex: The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex: The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex: Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex: After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    período2
    2 = period.

    Ex: The debate on whether or not a woman can get pregnant during her period has been going on for decades now.

    * del período = menstrual.

    * * *
    período, periodo
    A
    1 (de tiempo) period
    un período de prueba de tres meses a three-month trial period
    el período de entreguerras the period o the time o the years between the wars
    2 ( Geol) period
    3 ( Mat) period
    4 ( Fís) period
    Compuestos:
    waiting period
    half-life
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    periodo    
    período
    período,
    ◊ periodo sustantivo masculino

    period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period

    ' período' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alquilar
    - antigüedad
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - confinamiento
    - día
    - durante
    - edad
    - entrada
    - entrado
    - época
    - era
    - espacio
    - glacial
    - mandato
    - mediar
    - momento
    - periodo
    - racha
    - restaurar
    - sementera
    - tarde
    - trienio
    - última
    - último
    - vida
    - abrir
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - año
    - aprendizaje
    - atravesar
    - auge
    - convocatoria
    - de
    - detenido
    - dividir
    - entrar
    - entretiempo
    - espera
    - hora
    - infancia
    - ir
    - lactancia
    - reemplazar
    - reemplazo
    - relajar
    - semana
    - siglo
    - temporada
    English:
    age
    - day
    - downtime
    - engagement
    - for
    - lapse
    - lead-up
    - lean
    - live through
    - midterm
    - out
    - pay out
    - period
    - probation
    - residence
    - short
    - solid
    - spell
    - spread
    - stint
    - stretch
    - tenancy
    - term
    - time
    - tour
    - transition
    - trial
    - unbroken
    - grow
    - interim
    - life
    - lull
    - run
    - sabbatical
    * * *
    periodo, período nm
    1. [espacio de tiempo] period;
    el primer periodo [de partido] the first half
    periodo contable accounting period;
    periodo de gestación gestation period;
    Com periodo de gracia days of grace;
    periodo de incubación incubation period;
    periodo de prácticas trial period;
    periodo de prueba trial period;
    Ind periodo de reflexión [en disputa] cooling-off period;
    periodo refractario refractory period;
    periodo de transición transition period
    2. Mat period
    3. Fís period
    4. Geol age
    periodo glacial ice age;
    periodo interglacial interglacial period
    5. [menstruación] period;
    estar con el periodo, tener el periodo to be having one's period
    6. Ling period
    * * *
    m period
    * * *
    : period
    * * *
    período n period

    Spanish-English dictionary > período

  • 12 terminar

    v.
    1 to end, to finish.
    terminamos el viaje en San Francisco we ended our journey in San Francisco
    ¿cómo termina la historia? how does the story end o finish?
    terminar con to put an end to (pobreza, corrupción)
    terminar de hacer algo to finish doing something
    Ella termina la obra She finishes the play.
    Ya terminé I already finished
    La película acabó The film finished.
    María terminó a Ricardo Mary finished=ruined Richard.
    2 to finish, to split up.
    ¡hemos terminado! it's over!
    3 to finish off, to complete, to culminate, to end off.
    María terminó la gira Mary finished off the tour.
    4 to end up, to wind up, to end up by.
    María terminó pintando Mary ended up painting.
    María terminó muy cansada Mary ended up all in.
    5 to break up.
    * * *
    1 (acabar) to finish, complete
    2 (dar fin) to end
    1 (acabar) to finish, end
    2 (acabar de) to have just (de, -)
    3 (final de una acción, de un estado) to end up
    4 (eliminar) to put an end ( con, to)
    5 (estropear) to damage ( con, -), ruin ( con, -)
    6 (reñir) to break up ( con, with)
    7 (enfermedad) to come to the final stage
    1 (acabarse) to finish, end, be over
    2 (agotarse) to run out
    \
    terminar bien to have a happy ending
    terminar mal (historia) to have an unhappy ending 2 (personas - relación) to end up on bad terms 3 (- destino) to come to a sticky end
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    2. VI
    1) [persona]
    a) [en una acción, un trabajo] to finish

    ¿todavía no has terminado? — haven't you finished yet?

    ¿quieres dejar que termine? — would you mind letting me finish?

    • terminar de hacer algo — to finish doing sth, stop doing sth

    terminó de llenar el vaso con helado — he topped o filled the glass up with ice-cream

    • no termino de entender por qué lo hizo — I just can't understand why she did it

    no me cae mal, pero no termina de convencerme — I don't dislike him, but I'm not too sure about him

    b) [de una forma determinada] to end up

    terminó diciendo que... — he ended by saying that...

    c)

    • terminar con, han terminado con todas las provisiones — they've finished off all the supplies

    he terminado con Andrés — I've broken up with o finished with Andrés

    ¡estos niños van a terminar conmigo! — these children will be the death of me!

    d)

    • terminar por hacer algo — to end up doing sth

    2) [obra, acto] to end

    ¿cómo termina la película? — how does the film end?

    ¿a qué hora termina la clase? — what time does the class finish o end?

    3) [objeto, palabra]

    • terminar en algo — to end in sth

    termina en vocal — it ends in o with a vowel

    4) (Inform) to quit
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <trabajo/estudio> to finish; <casa/obras> to finish, complete

    dar por terminado algo — <discusión/conflicto> to put an end to something

    2.
    a) ( de hacer algo) to finish

    terminar DE + INF — to finish -ing

    b) (en estado, situación) to end up

    terminar DE algo: terminó de camarero he ended up (working) as a waiter; terminar + GER or terminar POR + INF to end up -ing; terminó marchándose or por marcharse — he ended up leaving

    2)
    a) reunión/situación to end, come to an end

    y para terminar nos sirvieron... — and to finish we had...

    b) ( rematar)
    a) (acabar, consumir)

    terminar con algo — <con libro/tarea> to finish with something; <con problema/abuso> to put an end to something

    b)

    terminar con alguien — ( pelearse) to finish with somebody; ( destruir) to kill somebody

    4) ( llegar a)

    terminar DE + INF: no termina de convencerme I'm not totally convinced; no terminaba de gustarle — she wasn't totally happy about it

    3.
    terminarse v pron
    1) azúcar/pan to run out; (+ me/te/le etc)
    2) curso/reunión to come to an end, be over
    3) (enf) <libro/comida> to finish, polish off
    * * *
    = be over, cease, conclude, discontinue, end, end up, exit, quit, see through + to its completion, terminate, finish up, break up, finish, wind up (in/at), get through, call it quits, carry through to + completion, finish off, top + Nombre + off, wind down, close + the book on.
    Ex. Alternatively, the loan policy may be changed to make documents due when the vacation is over.
    Ex. After collection has ceased (because a point of diminishing returns appears to have been reached), the cards must be put into groups of 'like' terms.
    Ex. Thus chapter 21 concludes with a number of special rules.
    Ex. Systems like OCLC are going from classical catalogs in the direction of online catalogs, and at least one institution on the OCLC system has discontinued adding cards to its catalog.
    Ex. Each field also ends with a special delimiter, which signals the end of the fields.
    Ex. But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.
    Ex. Enter the lesson number you wish, or press the letter 'X' to exit the tutorial.
    Ex. If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex. I would like to thank all those who at various times throughout the course of the project assisted so ably in seeing the work through to its completion.
    Ex. An SDI profile can be terminated at any future time by the commands.
    Ex. In trying to get the best of both worlds, we may have finished up with the worst.
    Ex. Tom Hernandez tried not to show how sad he felt about his friends' leaving, and managed to keep up a cheerful facade until the party broke up.
    Ex. Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.
    Ex. Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex. Some children cannot get through a longer story or novel in less time.
    Ex. 'Professional people don't live by the clock: you wouldn't tell a doctor or a lawyer that he couldn't make a decision to call it quits on a particular day'.
    Ex. The author discusses the development process which began with a concept, continued with the formulation of objectives, and has been carried through to completion.
    Ex. His statement is a serious threat to the cooperative sector and was aimed at finishing off the movement.
    Ex. Top it off with spicy yacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex. As President Bush's second term winds down, this is no time for him to be making trouble for his successor.
    Ex. Obama, who tries to steer clear of the political thicket of race and politics, accepted the apology and said he wanted to close the book on the episode.
    ----
    * estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.
    * estar terminándose = be on + Posesivo + last legs, be on the way out.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * sin terminar = unfinished.
    * terminar con Algo = be done with it.
    * terminar con mejor cara = end up on + a high note.
    * terminar con una nota de optimismo = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar de + Infinitivo = complete + Gerundio.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * terminar en empate = end in + a draw, result in + a draw.
    * terminar en un tono + Adjetivo = end on + a + Adjetivo + note.
    * terminar formando parte de = find + Posesivo + way into/onto.
    * terminar la jornada laboral = clock off + work.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * terminar mal = come to + a bad end.
    * terminar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.
    * terminar repentinamente = come to + a swift end, come to + an abrupt end.
    * terminarse = draw to + a close, run + short (of), be gone, come to + an end, draw to + an end, be all gone.
    * terminarse el tiempo = time + run out.
    * terminarse la (buena) suerte = run out of + luck, luck + run out.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * terminar un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <trabajo/estudio> to finish; <casa/obras> to finish, complete

    dar por terminado algo — <discusión/conflicto> to put an end to something

    2.
    a) ( de hacer algo) to finish

    terminar DE + INF — to finish -ing

    b) (en estado, situación) to end up

    terminar DE algo: terminó de camarero he ended up (working) as a waiter; terminar + GER or terminar POR + INF to end up -ing; terminó marchándose or por marcharse — he ended up leaving

    2)
    a) reunión/situación to end, come to an end

    y para terminar nos sirvieron... — and to finish we had...

    b) ( rematar)
    a) (acabar, consumir)

    terminar con algo — <con libro/tarea> to finish with something; <con problema/abuso> to put an end to something

    b)

    terminar con alguien — ( pelearse) to finish with somebody; ( destruir) to kill somebody

    4) ( llegar a)

    terminar DE + INF: no termina de convencerme I'm not totally convinced; no terminaba de gustarle — she wasn't totally happy about it

    3.
    terminarse v pron
    1) azúcar/pan to run out; (+ me/te/le etc)
    2) curso/reunión to come to an end, be over
    3) (enf) <libro/comida> to finish, polish off
    * * *
    = be over, cease, conclude, discontinue, end, end up, exit, quit, see through + to its completion, terminate, finish up, break up, finish, wind up (in/at), get through, call it quits, carry through to + completion, finish off, top + Nombre + off, wind down, close + the book on.

    Ex: Alternatively, the loan policy may be changed to make documents due when the vacation is over.

    Ex: After collection has ceased (because a point of diminishing returns appears to have been reached), the cards must be put into groups of 'like' terms.
    Ex: Thus chapter 21 concludes with a number of special rules.
    Ex: Systems like OCLC are going from classical catalogs in the direction of online catalogs, and at least one institution on the OCLC system has discontinued adding cards to its catalog.
    Ex: Each field also ends with a special delimiter, which signals the end of the fields.
    Ex: But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.
    Ex: Enter the lesson number you wish, or press the letter 'X' to exit the tutorial.
    Ex: If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex: I would like to thank all those who at various times throughout the course of the project assisted so ably in seeing the work through to its completion.
    Ex: An SDI profile can be terminated at any future time by the commands.
    Ex: In trying to get the best of both worlds, we may have finished up with the worst.
    Ex: Tom Hernandez tried not to show how sad he felt about his friends' leaving, and managed to keep up a cheerful facade until the party broke up.
    Ex: Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.
    Ex: Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex: Some children cannot get through a longer story or novel in less time.
    Ex: 'Professional people don't live by the clock: you wouldn't tell a doctor or a lawyer that he couldn't make a decision to call it quits on a particular day'.
    Ex: The author discusses the development process which began with a concept, continued with the formulation of objectives, and has been carried through to completion.
    Ex: His statement is a serious threat to the cooperative sector and was aimed at finishing off the movement.
    Ex: Top it off with spicy yacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex: As President Bush's second term winds down, this is no time for him to be making trouble for his successor.
    Ex: Obama, who tries to steer clear of the political thicket of race and politics, accepted the apology and said he wanted to close the book on the episode.
    * estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.
    * estar terminándose = be on + Posesivo + last legs, be on the way out.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * sin terminar = unfinished.
    * terminar con Algo = be done with it.
    * terminar con mejor cara = end up on + a high note.
    * terminar con una nota de optimismo = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * terminar de + Infinitivo = complete + Gerundio.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * terminar en empate = end in + a draw, result in + a draw.
    * terminar en un tono + Adjetivo = end on + a + Adjetivo + note.
    * terminar formando parte de = find + Posesivo + way into/onto.
    * terminar la jornada laboral = clock off + work.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * terminar mal = come to + a bad end.
    * terminar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.
    * terminar repentinamente = come to + a swift end, come to + an abrupt end.
    * terminarse = draw to + a close, run + short (of), be gone, come to + an end, draw to + an end, be all gone.
    * terminarse el tiempo = time + run out.
    * terminarse la (buena) suerte = run out of + luck, luck + run out.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * terminar un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.

    * * *
    terminar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹trabajo/estudio› to finish
    ¿has terminado el libro que te presté? have you finished the book I lent you?
    no han terminado las obras they haven't finished o completed the work
    terminó el viaje en La Paz he ended his journey in La Paz, his journey finished in La Paz
    terminó sus días en Sicilia he ended his days in Sicily
    dieron por terminada la sesión they brought the session to a close
    este año no pudimos terminar el programa we didn't manage to get through o finish o complete the syllabus this year
    termina esa sopa inmediatamente finish up that soup at once
    puedes terminarlo, nosotros ya comimos you can finish it off, we've already had some
    terminala/termínenla ( RPl fam); stop it!, cut it out! ( colloq)
    ■ terminar
    vi
    A «persona»
    1 (de hacer algo) to finish
    termina de una vez hurry up and finish
    terminar DE + INF to finish -ING
    estoy terminando de leerlo I'm reading the last few pages, I'm coming to the end of it, I've nearly finished reading it
    déjame terminar de hablar let me finish (speaking)
    salió nada más terminar de comer he went out as soon as he'd finished eating
    2 (en un estado, una situación) to end up
    terminé muy cansada I ended up feeling very tired
    va a terminar mal he's going to come to a bad end
    terminar DE algo:
    terminó de camarero en Miami he ended up (working) as a waiter in Miami
    terminar + GER or terminar POR + INF to end up -ING
    terminará aceptando or por aceptar la oferta she'll end up accepting the offer, she'll accept the offer in the end
    B
    1 «reunión/situación» to end, come to an end
    al terminar la clase when the class ended, at the end of the class
    llegamos cuando todo había terminado we arrived when it was all over
    el caso terminó en los tribunales the case ended up in court
    esto va a terminar mal this is going to turn out o end badly
    la historia termina bien the story has a happy ending
    las huellas terminan aquí the tracks end o stop here
    y para terminar nos sirvieron un excelente coñac and to finish we had an excellent brandy
    2 (rematar) terminar EN algo to end IN sth
    palabras que terminan en consonante words that end in a consonant
    zapatos terminados en punta pointed shoes o shoes with pointed toes
    1
    (agotar, acabar): terminaron con todo lo que había en la nevera they polished off everything in the fridge
    terminó con su salud it ruined his health
    ocho años de cárcel terminaron con él eight years in prison destroyed him
    una solución que termine con el problema a solution that will put an end to the problem
    2 (pelearse) terminar CON algn to finish WITH sb
    ha terminado con el novio she's finished with o split up with her boyfriend
    D (llegar a) terminar DE + INF:
    no termina de convencerme I'm not totally convinced
    no terminaba de gustarle she wasn't totally happy about it
    A «azúcar/pan» to run out
    el café se ha terminado we've run out of coffee, the coffee's run out
    (+ me/te/le etc): se me terminó la lana azul I've run out of blue wool
    se nos han terminado, señora we've run out (of them), madam o we've sold out, madam
    B «curso/reunión» to come to an end, be over
    otro año que se termina another year comes to an end o another year is over
    se terminó la discusión, aquí el que manda soy yo that's the end of the argument, I'm in charge here
    C ( enf) ‹libro/comida› to finish, polish off
    * * *

     

    terminar ( conjugate terminar) verbo transitivo ‹trabajo/estudio› to finish;
    ‹casa/obras› to finish, complete;
    ‹discusión/conflicto› to put an end to;

    terminar la comida con un café to end the meal with a cup of coffee
    verbo intransitivo
    1 [ persona]

    terminar de hacer algo to finish doing sth;

    b) (en estado, situación) to end up;


    va a terminar mal he's going to come to a bad end;
    terminó marchándose or por marcharse he ended up leaving
    2
    a) [reunión/situación] to end, come to an end;


    esto va a terminar mal this is going to turn out o end badly
    b) ( rematar) terminar EN algo to end in sth;


    c) ( llegar a):


    no terminaba de gustarle she wasn't totally happy about it
    3

    a) ( acabar) terminar con algo ‹con libro/tarea› to finish with sth;

    ‹con problema/abuso› to put an end to sth
    b) terminar con algn ( pelearse) to finish with sb;

    ( matar) to kill sb
    terminarse verbo pronominal
    1 [azúcar/pan] to run out;

    2 [curso/reunión] to come to an end, be over
    3 ( enf) ‹libro/comida› to finish, polish off
    terminar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una tarea, objeto) to finish: ya terminó el jersey, she has already finished the pullover ➣ Ver nota en finish 2 (de comer, beber, gastar) to finish: te compraré otro cuando termines este frasco, I'll buy you another one when you finish this bottle
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (cesar, poner fin) to finish, end: mi trabajo termina a las seis, I finish work at six o'clock
    no termina de creérselo, he still can't believe it
    (dejar de necesitar, utilizar) ¿has terminado con el ordenador?, have you finished with the computer?
    (acabar la vida, carrera, etc) to end up: terminó amargada, she ended up being embittered
    2 (eliminar, acabar) este niño terminará con mi paciencia, this boy is trying my patience
    tenemos que terminar con esta situación, we have to put an end to this situation
    3 (estar rematado) to end: termina en vocal, it ends with a vowel
    terminaba en punta, it had a pointed end
    ' terminar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    egresar
    - emplear
    - enterrar
    - fijarse
    - frenesí
    - gastar
    - parar
    - rematar
    - sin
    - ventilarse
    - zanjar
    - acabar
    - completar
    - concluir
    - faltar
    - hasta
    - medio
    - mucho
    - para
    - pelear
    - por
    - último
    English:
    break up
    - cease
    - charge off
    - clock
    - close
    - complete
    - cooperation
    - crop up
    - drink up
    - eat up
    - end
    - end up
    - expire
    - finish
    - finish off
    - finish up
    - finish with
    - get through
    - graduate
    - knock off
    - leeway
    - near
    - stop
    - time limit
    - vain
    - wind up
    - and
    - break
    - concentrate
    - conclude
    - draw
    - drink
    - eat
    - finished
    - get
    - leave
    - nowhere
    - round
    - see
    - undone
    - unfinished
    - wind
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [acabar] to finish;
    termina la cerveza, que nos vamos finish your beer, we're going;
    terminamos el viaje en San Francisco we ended our journey in San Francisco;
    dar por terminado algo [discurso, reunión, discusión, visita] to bring sth to an end o a close;
    está sin terminar it isn't finished;
    RP Fam
    ¡terminala! that's enough!
    ♦ vi
    1. [acabar] to end, to finish;
    [tren, autobús, línea de metro] to stop, to terminate;
    ¿cómo termina la historia? how does the story end o finish?;
    todo ha terminado it's all over;
    deja que termine, déjame terminar [al hablar] let me finish;
    terminar con la pobreza/la corrupción to put an end to poverty/corruption;
    ¿has terminado con las tijeras? have o are you finished with the scissors?;
    han terminado con toda la leche que quedaba they've finished off o used up all the milk that was left;
    terminar con algo/alguien [arruinar, destruir] to destroy sth/sb;
    [matar] to kill sth/sb;
    terminar de hacer algo to finish doing sth;
    terminamos de desayunar a las nueve we finished having breakfast at nine;
    terminar en [objeto] to end in;
    termina en punta it ends in a point;
    las sílabas que terminan en vocal syllables that end in a vowel;
    para terminar, debo agradecer… [en discurso] finally, I would like to thank…
    2. [reñir] to finish, to split up ( con with);
    ¡hemos terminado! it's over!
    3. [en cierto estado o situación] to end up;
    terminamos de mal humor/un poco deprimidos we ended up in a bad mood/(feeling) rather depressed;
    terminó loco he ended up going mad;
    vas a terminar odiando la física you'll end up hating physics;
    este chico terminará mal this boy will come to a bad end;
    este asunto terminará mal no good will come of this matter;
    terminó de camarero/en la cárcel he ended up as a waiter/in jail;
    la discusión terminó en pelea the argument ended in a fight;
    terminar por hacer algo to end up doing sth
    4. [llegar a]
    no termino de entender lo que quieres decir I still can't quite understand what you mean;
    no terminábamos de ponernos de acuerdo we couldn't quite seem to come to an agreement;
    no termina de gustarme I'm not crazy about it
    * * *
    I v/t end, finish
    II v/i
    1 end, finish;
    terminar con algo/alguien finish with sth/s.o.;
    terminar de hacer algo finish doing sth
    2 ( parar) stop
    3
    :
    terminar por hacer algo end up doing sth
    * * *
    1) concluir: to end, to conclude
    2) acabar: to complete, to finish off
    1) : to finish
    2) : to stop, to end
    * * *
    1. (en general) to finish
    2. (al final) to end up

    Spanish-English dictionary > terminar

  • 13 período1

    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.
    Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.
    Ex. This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex. The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex. The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex. In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex. The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex. The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex. Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex. After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    ----
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > período1

  • 14 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
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    814. Stern, D. N. (1985) The Interpersonal World of the Infant New York: Basic Books.
    815. Stevens, A. (1982) Archetype. London: Rouledge & Kegan Paul.
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    817. Stoller, R. J. (1972) The "bedrock" of masculinity and femininity: bisexuality. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 26.
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    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
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    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 15 peine

    peine [pεn]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = chagrin) sorrow
       b. ( = effort) effort
    • on lui a donné 500 € pour sa peine he was given 500 euros for his trouble
    ► être or valoir la peine
    • est-ce que c'est la peine d'y aller ? is it worth going?
    • c'était bien la peine ! (ironic) after all that trouble!
       c. ( = difficulté) difficulty
    • j'ai peine à croire que... I find it hard to believe that...
       d. ( = punition) punishment ; (Law) sentence
    • peine alternative or de substitution alternative sentence
    • « défense d'entrer sous peine de poursuites » "trespassers will be prosecuted"
       e. ► à peine hardly
    * * *
    pɛn
    1.
    1) ( chagrin) sorrow, grief

    faire de la peine à quelqu'un — [personne] to hurt somebody; [événement, remarque] to upset somebody

    2) ( effort) effort, trouble

    donnez-vous or prenez la peine d'entrer — fml please do come in

    il n'est pas au bout de ses peines — ( dans une situation pénible) his troubles are far from over; ( pour accomplir une tâche) he's still got a long way to go

    ce n'est pas la peine de crier — ( c'est inutile) there's no point shouting; ( ton critique) there's no need to shout

    pour la peine or ta/votre peine — ( en récompense) for your trouble

    3) ( difficulté) difficulty
    4) ( punition) gén punishment; Droit penalty, sentence

    ‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ — ‘no smoking, offenders will be fined’

    pour la or ta peine — as punishment


    2.
    à peine locution adverbiale hardly, barely

    ‘je n'étais pas au courant’ - ‘à peine (colloq)!’ — ( incrédulité) ‘I didn't know about it’ - ‘I don't believe it!’ ou ‘I don't buy that (colloq)!’

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    pɛn nf
    1) (= affliction) sorrow, sadness

    Ça me fait de la peine de la voir pleurer. — It upsets me to see her crying.

    2) (= effort) trouble

    Il a pris la peine de me rapporter ma valise. — He went to the trouble of returning my case to me.

    Il s'est donné beaucoup de peine pour obtenir ces renseignements. — He went to a lot of trouble to get this information.

    en valoir la peine — to be worth it, to be worth the trouble

    Cela n'en vaut pas la peine. — It isn't worth it.

    ce n'est pas la peine de le faire — there's no point doing it, it's not worth doing

    Ce n'est pas la peine de téléphoner. — There's no point phoning.

    Ce n'est pas la peine que vous veniez. — There's no point you coming., There's no point in your coming.

    donnez-vous la peine d'entrer; veuillez vous donner la peine d'entrer — please come in

    3) (= difficulté) (à voir, entendre, marcher) difficulty

    J'ai eu beaucoup de peine à la convaincre. — I had a lot of trouble persuading her.

    être à la peine — to be in trouble, to be in difficulties

    4) (= punition) punishment, DROIT sentence

    à peine [bouger] — hardly, [commencer] only just

    J'ai à peine eu le temps de me changer. — I hardly had time to get changed.

    Elle vient à peine de se lever. — She's only just got up.

    à peine sorti du ventre de sa mère — barely out of his mother's belly, [animal] barely out of its mother's belly

    c'est à peine si...; c'est à peine si elle m'a dit bonjour — she barely said hello to me

    à peine... que; À peine venait-il d'emménager qu'il dut entreprendre des travaux. — He'd only just moved in when he had to start doing building work.

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( chagrin) sorrow, grief; avoir de la peine to feel sad ou upset; faire de la peine à qn to hurt sb; ça me fait de la peine de le voir si triste it hurts me to see him so sad; tu leur as fait de la peine en leur disant ça you hurt their feelings when you said that; il faisait peine à voir he looked a sorry sight; cela faisait peine à voir it was sad to see;
    2 ( effort) effort, trouble; c'est peine perdue it's a waste of effort; en être pour sa peine to waste one's time and effort; se donner de la peine pour faire to go to a lot of trouble to do; se donner or prendre la peine de faire to take the trouble to do; tu pourrais réussir si seulement tu te donnais la peine d'essayer you could succeed if only you tried ou if only you made the effort; il ne s'est même pas donné la peine de nous prévenir he didn't even bother to tell us; il a quand même pris la peine de te remercier/de venir he still took the trouble to thank you/to come; donnez-vous or prenez la peine d'entrer fml please do come in; il n'est pas au bout de ses peines ( dans une situation pénible) his troubles are far from over; ( pour accomplir une tâche) he's still got a long way to go; me voilà au bout de mes peines! ( dans une situation difficile) my troubles are over now; ( en finissant un travail) there, I've finished!; se mettre en peine pour qn to go out of one's way for sb('s sake); ce n'est pas la peine de crier, je ne suis pas sourd there's no need to shout, I'm not deaf; ce n'est pas la peine de te fâcher comme ça! there's no need to get so angry!; est-ce vraiment la peine que je vienne? do I really need to come?; ce n'est pas la peine d'aller voir ce film, il est nul there's no point in going to see that film, it's awful; ce n'est pas la peine qu'il se déplace, le bureau est fermé there's no point in him going, the office is closed; c'était bien la peine que je me donne tant de mal! I went to all that trouble for nothing!; c'est/c'était bien la peine! what's/what was the point!; c'était bien la peine de venir de si loin pour trouver porte close! what was the point of coming all this way to find nobody home!; ça en valait vraiment la peine it was really worth it; ce n'est pas la peine de faire un si long voyage pour un jour it's not worth travellingGB so far just for one day; la pièce vaut la peine d'être vue the play is worth seeing; concentrez vos efforts sur ce qui en vaut la peine concentrate on worthwhile activities; cette idée vaut la peine d'être soumise à qn it's worth ou worthwhile submitting the idea to sb; pour la peine or ta/votre peine ( en récompense) for your trouble; tu m'as bien aidé, pour la peine je t'offre à boire you've been a great help to me, I'll buy you a drink for your trouble; ⇒ suffire;
    3 ( difficulté) difficulty; sans peine easily; avec peine with difficulty; avoir or éprouver de la peine à faire to have difficulty doing, to find it hard to do; j'ai eu toutes les peines du monde à le persuader/à trouver la maison I had the greatest difficulty (in) persuading him/(in) finding the house; j'ai peine à le croire I find it hard to believe; l'allemand/le jardinage sans peine German/gardening without tears; il n'est pas en peine pour trouver du travail he has no difficulty finding work; être bien en peine de faire to be hard put to do; il serait bien en peine de te prêter de l'argent, il n'a pas un sou he would be hard put to lend you any money, he doesn't have a penny;
    4 ( punition) gén punishment; Jur penalty, sentence; peine de prison prison sentence; une peine de cinq ans de prison a five-year prison sentence; ‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ ‘no smoking, offenders will be fined’; ‘défense d'entrer sous peine de poursuites’ ‘trespassers will be prosecuted’; sous peine de mort on pain of death; sous peine de décevoir because of the risk of causing disappointment; sous peine de perdre de l'argent at the risk of losing money; pour la or ta peine ( comme punition) as punishment; pour la peine, tu feras la vaisselle as punishment, you'll do the dishes.
    B à peine loc adv hardly, barely; tu pars déjà, il est à peine cinq heures! you're not leaving already? it's barely five o'clock; il est resté à peine une heure he stayed (for) barely an hour; on a à peine de quoi finir le mois we've barely ou hardly enough to get by on until the end of the month; une allusion à peine voilée a thinly veiled allusion; il gagne à peine 5 euros de l'heure he barely earns 5 euros an hour; c'est à peine si je l'ai reconnu I hardly recognized him; il a à peine touché à son assiette he hardly touched his food; il sait à peine lire he can hardly read; il tenait à peine debout he could hardly stand; c'est à peine si elle dit bonjour/répond quand on lui parle she barely says hello/replies if you speak to her; il exagère à peine! he's not really exaggerating!; à peine était-il arrivé or il était à peine arrivé qu'il pensait déjà à repartir no sooner had he arrived than he was thinking of leaving again; ‘je t'assure que je n'étais pas au courant’-‘à peine○!’ ( exprimant l'incrédulité) ‘I tell you I didn't know about it’-‘I don't believe it!’, ‘I don't buy that○!’
    peine capitale Jur capital punishment; condamné à la peine capitale sentenced to death; peine de cœur heartache ¢; il a des peines de cœur his heart is aching; peine correctionnelle Jur penalty of two months to five years imprisonment; peine criminelle sentence for serious crime; peine incompressible Jur prison term with no provision for remission; peine de mort Jur death penalty; peine de police Jur penalty of one day to two months imprisonment; peine de substitution Jur alternative sentence.
    [pɛn] nom féminin
    A.
    1. [châtiment] sentence, penalty
    peine correctionnelleimprisonment for between two months and five years, or a fine
    la peine de mort capital punishment, the death penalty
    2. RELIGION [damnation] damnation, suffering
    B.
    1. [tourment, inquiétude] trouble
    ‘Peines d'amour perdues’ Shakespeare ‘Love's Labours Lost’
    2. [tristesse] sorrow, sadness, grief
    C.
    1. [effort] effort, trouble
    ce n'est pas la peine it's not worth it, it's pointless
    ce n'est pas la peine de tout récrire/que tu y ailles there's no point writing it all out again/your going
    prendre ou se donner la peine de to go to ou to take the trouble to
    donnez-vous la peine d'entrer please do come in, (please) be so kind as to come in (soutenu)
    ne pas épargner ou ménager sa peine to spare no effort
    peine perdue: n'essaie pas de le convaincre, c'est peine perdue don't try to persuade him, it's a waste of time ou you'd be wasting your breath
    2. [difficulté]
    être (bien) en peine de: je serais bien en peine de vous l'expliquer I'd have a hard job explaining it to you, I wouldn't really know how to explain it to you
    n'être pas en peine pour (soutenu) : je ne suis pas en peine pour y aller it's no trouble for me to get there, I'll have no problem getting there
    ————————
    à peine locution adverbiale
    1. [presque pas] hardly, barely, scarcely
    2. [tout juste] barely
    il y a à peine une semaine/deux heures not quite a week/two hours ago, barely a week/two hours ago
    elle gagne à peine de quoi payer son loyer she barely earns enough ou she only just earns enough to pay her rent
    3. [à l'instant] just
    4. [aussitôt]
    à peine guérie, elle a repris le travail no sooner had she recovered than she went back to work
    à peine... que: à peine était-elle couchée que le téléphone se mit à sonner no sooner had she gone to bed than ou she'd only just gone to bed when the phone rang
    avec peine locution adverbiale
    1. [difficilement] with difficulty
    2. (soutenu) [à regret]
    ————————
    sans peine locution adverbiale
    1. [aisément] without difficulty, easily
    ————————
    sous peine de locution prépositionnelle
    ‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ ‘smokers will be prosecuted’
    The death penalty was abolished in France in 1981.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > peine

  • 16 serve

    sə:v
    1. гл.
    1) служить в доме (у кого-л.), быть слугой
    2) состоять на государственной службе, служить, работать
    3) состоять на службе в рядах Вооруженных сил, служить в армии My uncle served in/with the 8th Army. ≈ Мой дядя служил в восьмой армии.
    4) а) быть полезным, оказывать помощь, помогать He served us so much! ≈ Он так нам помог! б) перен. сопутствовать, благоприятствовать( о погодных условиях)
    5) годиться, удовлетворять, подходить it will serve as occasion serves serve no purpose Syn: satisfy, fit, suit
    2.
    6) накрывать на стол, подавать( на стол) When I was working in the hotel, I had to serve dinner to twenty-five people at a time. ≈ Когда я работал в гостинице, я должен был накрывать ужин одновременно для двадцати пяти человек. It's time to serve up the main course. ≈ Пора подавать горячее.
    7) а) обслуживать;
    снабжать б) управлять, оперировать( каким-л. прибором, аппаратом) serve a gun
    8) отбывать срок (службы, наказания и т. п.) to serve one's apprenticeship, to serve one's time ≈ проходить курс ученичества
    9) обходиться с, поступать He served them generously. ≈ Он великодушно поступил с ними.
    10) церк. служить службу
    11) юр. вручать( повестку кому-л.;
    on) serve notice
    12) подавать мяч( в теннисе и т. п.) That was a tricky ball he served to me, there was no hope of returning it. ≈ Он сделал очень хитрую подачу, не было практически никаких шансов взять ее.
    13) мор. клетневать ∙ serve as serve for serve on serve out serve round serve with serve a trick
    2. сущ.;
    спорт подача( мяча) good serve ≈ хорошая подача long serve ≈ длинная подача out serve ≈ подача, ушедшая за контур поля a serve to the backhand ≈ удар слева подача (мяча) (теннис, бадминтон) - good * хорошая подача - whose * is it? чья подача? служить, быть слугой - to * a master служить хозяину - to * two masters быть слугой двух господ - to * one's country служить своей родине - his eyes didn't seem to * him глаза, казалось, отказывались ему служить - if my memory *s me right если мне память не изменяет работать, состоять на службе, быть служащим (тж. * out) - to * in an office служить в конторе - to * on a committee быть членом комитета - to * on a jury (юридическое) исполнять обязанности присяжного заседателя - to * as a secretary работать серктарем - to be willing to * at a small salary соглашаться работать за небольшое жалование /вознаграждение/ служить в армии, быть военным - to * in the army служить в армии - to * in the ranks служить рядовым - to * abroad служить в войсках, находящихся за границей - to * in the war быть участником войны - to have *d in twenty campaigns быть ветераном двадцати походов - to * under smb. /under smb.'s command/ служить под чьим-л. началом /командованием/ - he *d under Admiral N он служил при адмирале Н. - he's not the sort of man I'd like to * under он не такой человек, которого я бы хотел иметь своим начальником /командиром/ обслуживать - to * badly плохо обслуживать - this railway line *s a large district эта железнодорожная линия обслуживает обширный район - all floors are *d by elevator лифт обслуживает все этажи - the doctor *s a large area врач обслуживает большой район снабжать - to * a town with water снабжать город водой - to * a gun with ammunition обеспечивать орудие боеприпасами заниматься клиентами, покупателями, обслуживать - to * customers обслуживать покупателей /клиентов/ - are you being *ed? вами занимаются?, вас обслуживают? - I'm waiting to be *d я жду, когда меня обслужат /когда мной займутся/ - to * a customer with smth. отпускать покупателю что-л. (часто * out, * up) подавать (на стол), разносить( пищу, напитки) ;
    обслуживать - to * at table подавать, обслуживать (в ресторане и т. п.) - to * breakfast подавать завтрак - * the coffee in the drawing-room подайте кофе в гостиной - dinner is *d! обед подан! - to * smth. hot подавать что-л. горячим - soup should be *d up very hot суп следует подавать очень горячим - to * out fish for supper подавать на ужин рыбу - no wines were *d at the dinner вина за обедом не подавали - to * smth. to smb. подать что-л. кому-л. - ladies are *d before men сначала подают дамам - I was *d with tea and cake мне подали чай с пирогом - sometimes they * (up) a good meal here здесь иногда хорошо кормят - the dinner was well *d up обед был хорошо сервирован - to * smth. round обносить кругом( гостей напитками и т. п.), угощать( гостей) - wine was *d round вино было пущено по кругу кормить, пичкать( несвежим) - to * up an old tale пересказывать старую басню - TV keeps serving up the same diet of old movies телевидение все время пичкает нас старыми фильмами выполнять назначение;
    служить (для чего-л.) ;
    использоваться, применяться - to * some useful purpose послужить какой-л. полезной цели - to * no purpose никуда /ни на что/ не годиться - to * as a lesson to smb. послужить кому-л. уроком - to * as a pretext служить поводом - it *s to show the folly of smb. это служит подтверждением безрассудства кого-л. - to * its turn /its purpose/ выполнять свое назначение - the box *d him as a table ящик служил ему столом - I want a sofa to * for a bed я хочу, чтобы диван служил мне кроватью быть полезным, оказывать помощь;
    содействовать - to * the cause of peace служить делу мира - to * smb.'s interests служить чьим-л. интересам - I would do much to * you я бы многое отдал, чтобы быть вам полезным - I wish I could * you in this matter жаль, что я не могу помочь вам в этом деле - no human power can * us ничто не может /не в силах человека/ помочь нам - sound education will * you in good stead in the affairs of life основательное образование будет вам хорошим помощником в жизни благоприятствовать (о погоде, времени) - when occasion *s при удобном /подходящем/ случае удовлетворять, годиться, быть достаточным - that excuse will not * you эта отговорка не оправдывает вас - this didn't * our turn это нам не подходило, это нас не устраивало - to * smb.'s need удовлетворять чьи-л. потребности - this amount will * me for a year этой суммы мне хватит на год - that *s to show that he is honest это является( достаточным) доказательством его честности отбывать срок( службы, полномочий, наказания) - to * an apprenticeship проходить курс ученичества - to * one's time /one's term/ отслужить свой срок;
    отбывать срок наказания (тж. to * a sentence) - he has *d his full term in office срок его полномочий истек - this suit has *d its time костюм свое отслужил - to * time отбывать срок /наказание/ - he *d eight months in jail он отсидел восемь месяцев в тюрьме (разговорное) обходиться (с кем-л.), поступать - to * smb. well обходиться с кем-л. хорошо - she was *d very cruelly с ней обошлись очень жестоко - you have no business to * me like that ты не имеешь права так со мной обращаться( церковное) служить службу подавать мяч (теннис и волейбол) - to * well подавать хорошо - it is your turn to * ваша очередь подавать (юридическое) доставлять, вручать ( повестку и т. п.) - to * smb. with a notice вызывать кого-л. повесткой в суд - to * a warrant on smb. предъявлять кому-л. ордер на арест - they've *d a summons on him, they've *d him with a summons они вручили ему повестку (сельскохозяйственное) случать, спаривать - to * a mare случать кобылу (морское) клетневать > to * before the mast служить (простым) матросом на торговом судне > to * a gun вести огонь из орудия > to * hand and foot служить верой и правдой > to * the time приспосабливаться к духу времени;
    держать нос по ветру > to * smb. a (dirty) trick сыграть с кем-л. (плохую) шутку > to * (smb.) with the same sauce to serve with the same * (пословица) платить той же монетой, отвечать дерзостью на дерзость > it will * это то, что нужно;
    этого будет достаточно > it will * for the moment в данный момент это сойдет > it *s him right! поделом!, так ему и надо! it will ~ этого будет достаточно;
    as occassion serves когда представляется случай;
    to serve no purpose никуда не годиться ~ for служить (в качестве чего-л.) ;
    the bundle served him for a pillow сверток служил ему подушкой ~ подавать (на стол) ;
    dinner is served! обед подан! ~ служить в армии;
    he served in North Africa он проходил военную службу в Северной Африке ~ обходиться с, поступать;
    he served me shamefully он обошелся со мной отвратительно it serves him (her) right! поделом ему (ей) !;
    to serve (smb.) a trick сыграть (с кем-л.) шутку it will ~ это то, что нужно it will ~ этого будет достаточно;
    as occassion serves когда представляется случай;
    to serve no purpose никуда не годиться serve благоприятствовать (о ветре и т. п.) ~ быть полезным, помогать ~ быть служащим ~ юр. вручать (повестку кому-л., on) ;
    to serve notice формально, официально извещать ~ вручать (судебный документ) ~ вручать документ ~ годиться, удовлетворять ~ мор. клетневать ~ обслуживать, управлять;
    to serve a gun стрелять из орудия ~ обслуживать;
    снабжать;
    to serve a customer заниматься с покупателем, клиентом ~ обслуживать ~ обходиться с, поступать;
    he served me shamefully он обошелся со мной отвратительно ~ отбывать (наказание) ~ отбывать наказание ~ отбывать срок (службы, наказания и т. п.) ;
    to serve one's apprenticeship (или time) проходить курс ученичества ~ подавать (на стол) ;
    dinner is served! обед подан! ~ подавать мяч (в теннисе и т. п.) ~ спорт. подача (мяча) ~ (шотл.) признавать наследником в судебном порядке ~ служить;
    быть полезным;
    to serve one's country служить своей родине;
    to serve two masters быть слугой двух господ ~ служить, обслуживать ~ служить ~ служить в армии;
    he served in North Africa он проходил военную службу в Северной Африке ~ церк. служить службу ~ состоять на службе to ~ in the ranks служить рядовым;
    to serve (under smb.) служить под начальством (кого-л.) ~ обслуживать, управлять;
    to serve a gun стрелять из орудия this busline serves a large district эта автобусная линия обслуживает большой район;
    to serve a town with water снабжать город водой it serves him (her) right! поделом ему (ей) !;
    to serve (smb.) a trick сыграть (с кем-л.) шутку to ~ as (smb., smth.) служить в качестве( кого-л., чего-л.) ~ for годиться (для чего-л.) ~ for служить (в качестве чего-л.) ;
    the bundle served him for a pillow сверток служил ему подушкой to ~ in the ranks служить рядовым;
    to serve (under smb.) служить под начальством (кого-л.) it will ~ этого будет достаточно;
    as occassion serves когда представляется случай;
    to serve no purpose никуда не годиться ~ юр. вручать (повестку кому-л., on) ;
    to serve notice формально, официально извещать ~ on a jury быть членом жюри присяжных ~ отбывать срок (службы, наказания и т. п.) ;
    to serve one's apprenticeship (или time) проходить курс ученичества ~ служить;
    быть полезным;
    to serve one's country служить своей родине;
    to serve two masters быть слугой двух господ ~ out разг. отплатить;
    serve round обносить кругом (блюда) ;
    serve with подавать;
    снабжать ~ out раздавать, распределять ~ out разг. отплатить;
    serve round обносить кругом (блюда) ;
    serve with подавать;
    снабжать ~ служить;
    быть полезным;
    to serve one's country служить своей родине;
    to serve two masters быть слугой двух господ ~ out разг. отплатить;
    serve round обносить кругом (блюда) ;
    serve with подавать;
    снабжать this busline serves a large district эта автобусная линия обслуживает большой район;
    to serve a town with water снабжать город водой

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > serve

  • 17 long

    long [lɒŋ] (compar longer ['lɒŋgə(r)], superl longest ['lɒŋgɪst])
    (a) (in size) long (longue);
    ∎ how long is the pool? quelle est la longueur de la piscine?, la piscine fait combien de long?;
    ∎ the pool's 33 metres long la piscine fait 33 mètres de long;
    ∎ the article is 80 pages long l'article fait 80 pages;
    ∎ is it a long way (away)? est-ce loin (d'ici)?;
    ∎ it's a long way to the beach la plage est loin;
    ∎ she can throw a long way elle lance loin;
    ∎ to take the long way round prendre le chemin le plus long;
    ∎ the best by a long way de loin le meilleur;
    ∎ to get or grow longer (shadows) s'allonger; (hair, beard) pousser;
    ∎ long in the leg aux longues jambes;
    ∎ a long face un visage allongé;
    ∎ figurative to have or pull a long face faire la tête, faire une tête de six pieds de long;
    ∎ why the long face? pourquoi est-ce que tu fais cette tête de six pieds de long?
    (b) (in time → pause, speech, separation) long (longue);
    ∎ how long will the flight be/was the meeting? combien de temps durera le vol/a duré la réunion?;
    ∎ the film is three hours long le film dure trois heures;
    ∎ her five-year-long battle with the authorities sa lutte de cinq années contre les autorités;
    ∎ to have a long memory avoir une bonne mémoire;
    ∎ to have a long talk with sb parler longuement avec qn;
    ∎ to get longer (days, intervals) devenir plus long;
    ∎ they want longer holidays ils veulent des vacances plus longues;
    ∎ she took a long swig of beer elle a bu une grande gorgée de bière;
    ∎ they took a long look at the view ils restèrent longtemps à regarder la vue qui s'offrait à eux;
    ∎ it was a long two months ces deux mois ont été longs;
    ∎ I've had a long day j'ai eu une journée bien remplie;
    ∎ in the long term à long terme;
    ∎ it will take a long time cela prendra longtemps, ce sera long;
    ∎ a long time ago il y a (bien) longtemps;
    ∎ it's a long time since I was (last) in Paris ça fait longtemps que je ne suis pas allé à Paris;
    ∎ I've been wanting to go for a long time ça fait longtemps que j'ai envie d'y aller;
    ∎ I've known her (for) a long time or while je la connais depuis longtemps, cela fait longtemps que je la connais;
    ∎ it was a long haul (journey) le voyage a été long; (task, recovery) c'était un travail de longue haleine;
    ∎ at long last! enfin!
    (c) Grammar (vowel, syllable) long (longue)
    ∎ they're long on copper, they've taken a long position on copper ils ont investi dans le cuivre
    ∎ that serve was long ce service était trop long
    ∎ she's long on good ideas elle n'est pas à court de bonnes idées, ce ne sont pas les bonnes idées qui lui manquent;
    ∎ his speeches are long on rhetoric but short on substance ce n'est pas la rhétorique qui manque dans ses discours, c'est la substance
    2 noun
    (a) Grammar (vowel, syllable) longue f
    (b) Finance (bill) effet m à longue échéance
    ∎ the long and the short of it is that I got fired enfin bref, j'ai été viré;
    ∎ that's the long and the short of it! un point c'est tout!
    (a) (a long time) longtemps;
    ∎ they live longer than humans ils vivent plus longtemps que les êtres humains;
    ∎ he won't keep you long/much longer il ne vous gardera pas longtemps/beaucoup plus longtemps;
    ∎ I haven't been here long ça ne fait pas longtemps que je suis là;
    ∎ they haven't been married long ça ne fait pas longtemps qu'ils sont mariés, ils ne sont pas mariés depuis longtemps;
    ∎ how long will he be/was he in jail? (pendant) combien de temps restera-t-il/est-il resté en prison?;
    ∎ how long has he been in jail? ça fait combien de temps qu'il est en prison?, depuis combien de temps est-il en prison?;
    ∎ how long is it since we last visited them? quand sommes-nous allés les voir pour la dernière fois?;
    ∎ it happened long ago/not long ago cela s'est passé il y a longtemps/il n'y a pas longtemps;
    ∎ as long ago as 1937 déjà en 1937;
    ∎ long before you were born bien avant que tu sois né;
    ∎ not long before/after their divorce peu avant/après leur divorce;
    ∎ the decision had been taken long before la décision avait été prise depuis longtemps;
    ∎ long after or afterwards, when these events were mostly forgotten... bien après, alors que ces évènements étaient presque complètement oubliés...;
    ∎ colleagues long since promoted des collègues promus depuis longtemps;
    ∎ a law which had come into force not long since une loi qui était entrée en vigueur depuis peu;
    ∎ to look at sb/sth long and hard fixer qn/qch longuement;
    ∎ figurative to look at sth long and hard se pencher longuement sur qch;
    ∎ I've thought long and hard about this j'y ai longuement réfléchi;
    ∎ we talked long into the night nous avons parlé jusque tard dans la nuit
    (b) (with "be", "take")
    ∎ will you be long? tu en as pour longtemps?;
    ∎ I won't be long je n'en ai pas pour longtemps;
    ∎ please wait, she won't be long attendez, s'il vous plaît, elle ne va pas tarder;
    ∎ are you going to be much longer? tu en as encore pour longtemps?;
    ∎ how much longer will he be? (when will he be ready?) il en a encore pour longtemps?; (when will he arrive?) dans combien de temps sera-t-il là?;
    ∎ don't be or take too long fais vite;
    ∎ it wasn't long before he realized, it didn't take long for him to realize il n'a pas mis longtemps à s'en rendre compte, il s'en est vite rendu compte;
    ∎ he wasn't long in coming il n'a pas tardé à venir;
    ∎ he took or it took him so long to make up his mind... il a mis si longtemps à se décider..., il lui a fallu tellement de temps pour se décider...;
    ∎ how long does it take to get there? combien de temps faut-il pour y aller?;
    ∎ this won't take long ça va être vite fait;
    ∎ this won't take longer than five minutes ça sera fait en moins de cinq minutes
    (c) (in wishes, toasts)
    ∎ long may our partnership continue! à notre collaboration!;
    ∎ long live the Queen! vive la reine!
    (d) (for a long time) depuis longtemps;
    ∎ it has long been known that... on sait depuis longtemps que...;
    ∎ I have long suspected that he was involved in it cela fait longtemps que je le soupçonne ou je le soupçonne depuis longtemps d'être impliqué là-dedans;
    ∎ the longest-running TV series le feuilleton télévisé qui existe depuis le plus longtemps
    ∎ all day/week long toute la journée/la semaine;
    ∎ all my life long toute ma vie
    ∎ to go long acheter à la hausse, prendre une position longue;
    ∎ to buy long acheter à long terme
    ∎ so long! salut!, à bientôt!□
    ∎ I long for him il me manque énormément;
    ∎ she was longing for a letter from you elle attendait impatiemment que vous lui écriviez;
    ∎ we were longing for a cup of tea nous avions très envie d'une tasse de thé;
    ∎ to long or to be longing to do sth être impatient ou avoir hâte de faire qch;
    ∎ he's longing to go back to Italy il meurt d'envie de retourner en Italie;
    ∎ I was longing to tell her the truth je mourais d'envie de lui dire la vérité;
    ∎ I've been longing to meet you for years cela fait des années que je souhaite faire votre connaissance
    Stock Exchange titres mpl longs, obligations fpl longues
    (a) (during the time that) aussi longtemps que, tant que;
    ∎ as long as he's in power, there will be no hope tant qu'il sera au pouvoir, il n'y aura aucun espoir;
    ∎ I'll never forget that day for as long as I live jamais de ma vie je n'oublierai ce jour
    (b) (providing) à condition que, pourvu que;
    ∎ you can have it as long as you give me it back vous pouvez le prendre à condition que ou pourvu que vous me le rendiez;
    ∎ I'll do it as long as I get paid for it je le ferai à condition d'être payé;
    ∎ you can go out as long as you're back before midnight tu peux sortir à condition de rentrer avant minuit;
    ∎ as long as you're happy du moment que tu es heureux
    ∎ as long as you're going to the post office get me some stamps puisque tu vas à la poste, achète-moi des timbres
    (soon) dans peu de temps, sous peu; (soon afterwards) peu (de temps) après;
    ∎ she'll be back before long elle sera de retour dans peu de temps ou sous peu;
    ∎ before long, everything had returned to normal tout était rapidement rentré dans l'ordre
    longtemps;
    ∎ he's still in charge here, but not for long c'est encore lui qui s'en occupe, mais plus pour longtemps
    ne...plus;
    ∎ not any longer plus maintenant;
    ∎ she no longer loves him elle ne l'aime plus;
    ∎ I can't wait any longer je ne peux pas attendre plus longtemps, je ne peux plus attendre;
    ∎ they used to live there, but not any longer ils habitaient là autrefois, mais plus maintenant
    ►► long black grand café m noir;
    Finance long credit crédit m à long terme;
    long drink long drink m; (non-alcoholic) = grand verre de jus de fruits, de limonade etc;
    Finance long hedge couverture f longue, achat m par couverture;
    Long Island Long Island;
    ∎ on Long Island à Long Island;
    Long Island iced tea = cocktail composé de cinq alcools, de bitter et de Coca-Cola;
    familiar long johns caleçon m long□, caleçons mpl longs□ ;
    Sport long jump saut m en longueur;
    Sport long jumper sauteur(euse) m,f en longueur;
    History the Long March la Longue Marche;
    American long pants pantalon m long;
    the Long Parliament le Long Parlement, = Parlement convoqué par Charles Ier en 1640, renvoyé par Cromwell en 1653 et dissous en 1660;
    long pig chair f humaine;
    Stock Exchange long position position f acheteur ou longue;
    ∎ to take a long position acheter à la hausse, prendre une position longue;
    long shot (competitor, racehorse etc) outsider m; (bet) pari m risqué; Cinema plan m éloigné; figurative entreprise f hasardeuse;
    ∎ it's a bit of a long shot il y a peu de chances pour que cela réussisse;
    ∎ it's a bit of a long shot, but we may be successful c'est une entreprise hasardeuse mais nous réussirons peut-être;
    ∎ I haven't finished, not by a long shot je n'ai pas fini, loin de là;
    Technology long ton tonne f anglaise;
    long trousers pantalon m long;
    University long vacation grandes vacances fpl, vacances fpl d'été;
    long view prévisions fpl à long terme;
    ∎ to take the long view envisager les choses à long terme;
    long vodka = cocktail à base de vodka, de bitter, de sirop de citron vert et de soda ou limonade;
    Radio long wave grandes ondes fpl;
    ∎ on long wave sur les grandes ondes;
    long weekend week-end m prolongé;
    ∎ to take a long weekend prendre un week-end prolongé
    ✾ Play 'Long Day's Journey into Night' O'Neill 'Long Voyage vers la nuit'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > long

  • 18 do

    ̈ɪdu: I (полная форма) ;
    (редуцированные формы)
    1. гл.;
    прош. вр. - did, прич. прош. вр. - done
    1) делать, выполнять, осуществлять Has she agreed to do the work? ≈ Она согласилась выполнить эту работу? What can I do for you? разг. ≈ Чем могу служить? done in English ≈ составлено на английском языке( об официальном документе) Syn: perform, execute, administer, carry out, bring about
    2) а) приводить в порядок, убирать, прибирать, чистить They do the kitchen and bathrooms every day. ≈ Они убирают кухню и ванну каждый день. to do one's hair ≈ причесываться б) устраивать, приготовлять Syn: clean, put in order, prepare, arrange, organize
    3) готовить, жарить, тушить I like my meat very well done. ≈ Я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено. The potatoes will be done in 10 minutes. ≈ Картошка будет готова через 10 минут.
    4) действовать, поступать, вести себя You'd better get used to doing as you're told. ≈ Ты лучше научись делать так, как тебе говорят. Syn: behave, act, conduct oneself
    5) вести дела, заниматься( чем-л.) We used to do business on Grand Street. ≈ Мы обычно занимались делами на Гранд-стрит. Syn: conduct, proceed, carry on
    6) подходить, годиться;
    удовлетворять требованиям;
    быть достаточным He will do for us. ≈ Он нам подходит. This sort of work won't do for him. ≈ Эта работа ему не подойдет. It won't do to play all day. ≈ Нельзя целый день играть. This hat will do. ≈ Эта шляпа подойдет. that will do ≈ достаточно, хорошо Syn: suffice, serve;
    be satisfactory, be enough
    7) исполнять (роль) ;
    действовать в качестве( кого-л.) to do Hamlet ≈ исполнять роль Гамлета
    8) причинять, доставлять to do harm ≈ причинять вред It'll only do you good. ≈ Это вам будет только на пользу.
    9) оказывать
    10) осматривать( достопримечательности), посещать (города и т. п.) Last summer we did ten countries in three weeks. ≈ Прошлым летом мы объехали десять стран за три недели. Syn: cover, travel through, visit, look at, stop in
    11) кончать, заканчивать;
    покончить( с чем-л.) Have you done what I told you? ≈ Ты сделал то, что я тебе сказал? Have done! ≈ Довольно!, хватит! Syn: accomplish, conclude, finish, fulfill, complete, achieve
    12) процветать, преуспевать;
    чувствовать себя хорошо Flowers will not do in this soil. ≈ Цветы не будут расти на этой почве.
    13) жить, поживать How do you do? (тж. How d'ye do?) ≈ Здравствуйте! She's doing as well as can be expected. ≈ Она живет очень хорошо. Syn: fare, get on, make out
    14) разг. отбывать срок( в тюрьме)
    15) разг. обманывать, надувать I think you've been done. ≈ Мне кажется, тебя надули.
    16) в качестве вспомогательного глагола образует отрицательные и вопросительные формы в Present и Past Indefinite I do not speak French. ≈ Я не говорю по-французски. He did not see me. ≈ Он меня не видел. Did you not see me? ≈ Разве вы меня не видели? Do you smoke? ≈ Вы курите?
    17) употребляется для усиления: Do stop talking. ≈ Замолчи же. I did say so and I do say so now. ≈ Я это сказал и еще раз повторяю.
    18) употребляется вместо другого глагола в Present и Past Indefinite во избежание его повторения: He works as much as you do (= work). ≈ Он работает столько же, сколько и вы. He likes bathing and so do I. ≈ Он любит купаться и я тоже.
    19) употребляется при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: Well do I remember it. ≈ Я хорошо это помню. ∙ do away with do by do down do for do in do into do out do out of do over do to do unto do up do with do without to do the business for smb. разг. ≈ погубить кого-л. to do in the eye ≈ нагло обманывать, дурачить;
    напакостить to do to death ≈ убить
    2. сущ.
    1) действие, деяние Syn: deed, action, business
    2) разг. представление, шоу;
    прием гостей, вечеринка;
    шутл. событие We've got a do on tonight. ≈ У нас сегодня вечер. Syn: performance, entertainment, show;
    party
    3) мн. поведение, обращение It's fair dos. I need you and you need me. ≈ Это справедливое обращение. Я нужен тебе, а ты мне. fair do's ≈ по справедливости Syn: dealing, treatment
    4) разг. обман, мошенничество
    5) разг. указание, приказание, распоряжение
    6) австрал.;
    разг. успех II сущ.;
    муз. до (нота) III сокр. от ditto то же самое( разговорное) обман, мошенничество, надувательство;
    "розыгрыш" - nothing but a do форменное надувательство - the scheme was a do from the start план с самого начала был сплошной липой (разговорное) развлечение, веселье;
    вечер - we've got a do tonight у нас сегодня вечер - to take part in a big do провести вечер в большой веселой компании (разговорное) сделка( разговорное) участие, доля - fair do's /dos/ всем поровну! - that's not fair do's это несправедливо, доли неравные (австралийское) (разговорное) удача, успех ( разговорное) обслуживание - one gets a poor do at this hotel в этой гостинице плохо обслуживают > do's /dos/ and don'ts правила, нормы;
    предписания и запреты > the dos and don'ts of polite manners правила поведения /хорошего тона/, этикет > he's in one of his do's на него нашло > a diet with numerous dos and don'ts диета с многочисленными предписаниями и запретами делать, производить действие - what are you doing? что вы делаете? - I shall do nothing of the sort ничего подобного я делать не стану - he has done much for me он много сделал для меня;
    он мне оказал большую услугу - what can I do for you?, can I do anything for you? чем я могу быть вам полезен?, что я могу сделать для вас? - do as you are told делайте, что вам велят /как вам говорят/ - what shall I do next? что мне делать дальше? - he did a funny thing он странно себя повел - there's nothing to be done делать нечего, ничего не поделаешь - it can't be done! это невозможно /немыслимо/! - he won't do anything to you он не сделает тебе ничего плохого, он не обидит тебя - what is to be done? чтоже делать?, что можно (в данном случае) сделать? - what is to do? (просторечие) что же делать?;
    в чем дело? - she could do nothing but cry она только и могла что плакать - it was all I could do to lift the box мне едва удалось поднять коробку - do what we would the boat was slowly sinking несмотря на наши усилия, лодка продолжала медленно погружаться - she didn't know what to do with herself она не знала, куда ей себя девать /чем ей себя занять/ - he didn't know what to do with his hands он не знал, куда девать свои руки;
    он был ужасно неловок делаться, происходить - there's nothing doing ничего особенного не происходит;
    дела идут неважно - what's the weather doing? как там погода? - he came to see what was doing (просторечие) он пришел посмотреть, что делается /происходит/ поступать, делать - to do well поступать хорошо - you did well to refuse his invitation вы правильно /хорошо/ сделали /поступили/, что не приняли его приглашения - to do right поступать правильно - what are you going to do about it? как вы думаете в этом случае поступить? - that's not done, those things are not done так не поступают - that's quite commonly done в этом поступке нет ничего необычного;
    так все поcтупают - how could you do such a thing? как вы могли сделать такое? - by so doing /by doing so/ you will save a lot of money( поступив) таким образом вы сэкономите уйму денег заниматься (чем-л.) ;
    работать - what does he do for a living? чем он зарабатывает на жизнь?, чем он занимается? - it gives him something to do это (как-то) заполняет его время - I have nothing to do мне нечего делать;
    мне нечем заняться - are you doing anything tomorrow? у вас есть какие-нибудь планы /дела/ на завтра?, вы заняты завтра? - what is there to do? что нужно сделать?, какие есть дела? - get yourself something to do найди себе какое-нибудь дело, займись чем-нибудь - he's building a summer house for something to do он строит себе летний домик от нечего делать обслуживать( кого-л.) ;
    заниматься (клиентом и т. п.) - how much do they do you for here? какова здесь стоимость обслуживания? - I'll do you next, madam через минуту я займусь вами, мадам;
    вы у меня следующая на очереди, мадам осуществлять, выполнять;
    делать, проделывать - to do one's work выполнять работу - to do odd jobs выполнять случайную работу, жить случайным заработком - to do smb.'s will исполнить чью-л. волю - the amount of work he has done is amazing просто удивительно, какую он проделал огромную работу - to do one's best /one's utmost, all one can, everything in one's power/ сделать все возможное, не жалеть сил творить, делать - to do miracles /wonders/ творить чудеса - to do mischief натворить дел - to do good творить добро - to do a good deed сделать доброе дело (часто с for) годиться, подходить;
    быть достаточным - this room will do for the office эта комната подойдет под контору - one blanket did for three men им хватало одного одеяла на троих - he has enough money to do him till the end of the year этих денег ему хватит до конца года - that will do это подойдет;
    этого достаточно - that will not do это не подойдет;
    так не выйдет;
    так не годится - that will not do (for) me это мне не подходит, это меня не устраивает - that will never do это совершенно недопустимо, это никуда не годится - it would never do for you to see them не годится /не следует/ вам встречаться с ними - will that do? это годится?;
    этого хватит? - will these shoes do you? такие башмаки вас устроят /вам подойдут/? - that would hardly do вряд ли этого хватит;
    это вряд ли уместно - I will make it do я обойдусь (этим) - she made her old dress do another season она подправила старое платье и проносила его еще сезон( with, without) довольствоваться, обходиться - he does with very little food он очень мало ест - you must make do with what you have нужно обходиться тем, что есть - to be just able to make do иметь скромный достаток, кое-как сводить концы с концами - how many can you do with? сколько вам нужно? - I think I can do with six думаю, что шести хватит - can he do without cigarettes? он может обойтись без сигарет? (разговорное) обманывать, надувать - I am afraid you have been done боюсь, что вас обманули - he did me over that в этом он меня надул (out of) обманом отбирать;
    выживать - to do smb. out of a job подсидеть кого-л. - he's done me out of a thousand pounds он нагрел меня на тысячу фунтов - I've been done out of my money плакали мои денежки приносить( пользу и т. п.) - to do good приносить пользу - to do much good быть очень полезным;
    приводить к( очень) хорошим результатам - a long walk will do you good длительная прогулка пойдет вам на пользу - that won't do any good от этого толку не будет - did the medicine do you any good? вам помогло (это) лекарство? - try what kind words will do попробуйте подействовать добрым словом - let's see what a bit of flattery will do посмотрим, что даст небольшая доза лести /чего можно добиться небольшой дозой лести/ причинять (ущерб и т. п.) - to do harm причинять вред - what harm is he doing you? чем он вам мешает? оказывать (услугу и т. п.) - to do (smb.) a favour оказать( кому-л.) услугу - will you do me a favour? не окажете ли вы мне услугу?, могу ли я попросить вас об одной услуге? - to do smb. a good turn оказать кому-л. хорошую услугу - to do honour оказывать честь /внимание/ воздавать (должное и т. п.) - to do justice воздать должное;
    оценить по заслугам;
    справедливости ради - that photograph does not do you justice в жизни вы лучше, чем на этой фотографии - to do him justice he is no fool справедливости ради надо сказать, что он совсем не глуп - to do smb. an injustice несправедливо относиться к кому-л.;
    обижать кого-л. делать (честь и т. п.) - to do credit делать честь - we'll do you credit вы сможете нами гордиться заниматься (какой-л. деятельностью или каким-л. делом) - to do lecturing заниматься чтением лекций - I have done enough reading for today сегодня я читал достаточно - he did all the talking at lunch за ленчем только он один и говорил - you'll let me do the thinking разрешите мне самому обдумать все - to do one's correspondence вести переписку - to do repairs заниматься починкой (автомобилей и т. п.) - to do one's military service проходить воинскую службу, служить (в армии) выполнять функции (кого-л.) ;
    выступать( в каком-л. качестве) - who will do the interpreter? кто возьмет на себя роль переводчика? - he does the host admirably он замечательно выполняет роль хозяина, он отлично справляется с ролью хозяина стараться быть или выглядеть( каким-л.), усердствовать в (какой-л.) роли - to do the agreeable стараться всем угодить - to do the grand строить из себя персону - to do the polite быть сверхвежливым изучать( какую-л. дисциплину) - he is doing medicine он изучает медицину - I can't do Latin латынь мне не дается - is he doing German at school? он занимается в школе немецким? - to do a book проработать или прорецензировать книгу писать (статьи и т. п.) - to do articles for a magazine писать статьи для журнала, сотрудничать в журнале - he did an article on medicine он написал статью по медицине - to do a book написать книгу писать (портрет и т. п.) - he is doing my son's portrait он пишет портрет моего сына решать( задачи и т. п.) - to do a sum /a problem/ решать арифметическую задачу делать (упражнение, фигуру и т. п.) играть, исполнять (роль или музыкальное произведение) - to do a concerto исполнить концерт - he does Hamlet very well он очень хорошо играет (роль) Гамлета убирать (помещение и т. п.) ;
    приводить в порядок (волосы, платье и т. п.) - to do the room убирать комнату - to do the beds застелить кровати - to do the windows мыть окна - to do one's hair причесаться;
    сделать прическу - to do one's face попудриться, накраситься, сделать макияж;
    привести в порядок лицо готовить, приготовлять (пищу) ;
    жарить, тушить и т. п. - do the beets with vinegar приготовьте свеклу с уксусом - I like my meat very well done я люблю, когда мясо хорошо прожарено - is the meat done yet? мясо уже готово? - to do smth. brown поджарить что-л., подрумянить что-л. - done to a turn отлично прожаренный, поджаренный как надо ( разговорное) осматривать (достопримечательности) - to do a museum осматривать музей - you can't do Moscow in a day нельзя познакомиться с Москвой за один день покрывать, проезжать, проходить ( определенное расстояние) - we did the journey in five hours мы проделали весь путь за пять часов - he can do the distance in an hour он может пройти /или проехать/ это расстояние за час - the car was doing 60 miles машина шла со скоростью 60 миль в час отбывать (срок наказания и т. п.) - he is doing a ten-year term он отбывает десятилетний срок тюремного заключения - he did ten years( разговорное) он отсидел десять лет (коммерческое) продавать, поставлять( по определенной цене) - they can do you this at $5 a piece они могут продать /поставить/ вам этот товар по 5 долларов за штуку( коммерческое) погасить (вексель) ;
    оплатить (чек) - to do /to be doing/ well, splendidly etc. (разговорное) процветать, преуспевать - he is doing well now у него сейчас хорошо идут дела;
    он сейчас хорошо зарабатывает - both sisters have done splendidly обе сестры прекрасно устроились - wines do well on hillsides виноградники хорошо растут на склонах гор - the wheat is doing well пшеница уродилась хорошая поправляться;
    чувствовать себя хорошо - the patient is doing well now больной поправляется;
    больной теперь чувствует себя хорошо - is the baby doing well? хорошо ли растет /развивается/ малыш? успешно справляться( с чем-л.) ;
    хорошо проявлять себя( в чем-л.) - the speaker did well оратор произвел хорошее впечатление - he did very well today сегодня он показал себя с очень хорошей стороны;
    сегодня он справился (с делом) очень хорошо - he did brillantly at his examination он блестяще сдал экзамен - to do /to be doing/ badly, poorly, etc. дела идут неважно - he did poorly at his examination он провалил экзамен;
    он плохо сдал экзамен - how did he do at the exhibition? как у него дела на выставке?, как были приняты на выставке его работы? в сочетании с рядом существительных обозначает действия, названные существительным: - to do a battle сражаться - to do a bust ворваться( куда-л.) употребляется для усиления при глаголе: - I do believe you! ну конечно, я вам верю! - you do play the piano well! как хорошо вы играете на рояле! - I do think you ought to go there я убежден, что вам следует поехать /пойти/ туда - that's just what people did say это как раз то /именно то/, что говорили (люди) - he never did come он так и не пришел - did we talk! ох и поговорили же мы!;
    уж мы поговорили всласть! - well do I remember it уж это-то я помню очень хорошо - little did he think then that... тогда ему и в голову не приходило, что... - do help me! ну помоги же мне! - do be quiet! ну замолчи же! - do go! знаешь, уйди!;
    послушай, уйди! - do come! очень прошу тебя, приходи! употребляется для усиления в (инвертированных) оборотах с тавтологическим подлежащим: - he likes to find fault, does the doctor уж и любит этот доктор придираться - he needs to be taught manners, he does! его обязательно надо научить, как себя вести! употребляется во избежание повторения глагола: - why act as you do? зачем поступать так, как вы поступаете? - who took that? - I did кто взял это? - Я (взял) - I (don't) like coffee, do you? я (не) люблю кофе, а вы? - you didn't see him, nor did I вы его не видели, и я тоже - I don't like being interrupted. - Who does? не люблю, когда меня прерывают. - А кто любит? - they travel a good deal. - Do they? они много путешествуют. - Неужели /Разве/? вспомогательный глагол;
    служит для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм настоящего и прошедшего времени: - do you speak English? - Yes, I do вы говорите по-английски? - Да - does he know it? - No, he doesn't он знает это? - Нет служит для образования отрицательной формы повелительного наклонения: - don't do it! не делай этого! - do not speak! не говори!, молчи! - don't be afraid! не бойся! - don't be silly! не глупи! - don't! перестань! > to have to do with smth. заниматься чем-л., иметь своим предметом что-л. > philosophy has to do with all aspects of life философия изучает жизнь во всех ее аспектах > to have smth. to do with smb. иметь отношение к кому-л. > I'm sure he has something to do with it я уверен, что без него здесь не обошлось /что он приложил к этому руку/ > have you anything to do with it? вы имеете к этому отношение? > this has little to do with art это имеет (весьма) отдаленное отношение к искусству > envy has a lot to do with it зависть имеет к этому прямое отношение > how do you do? здравствуйте, добрый день и т. п. (формула приветствия при встрече) ;
    как дела?, как поживаете?;
    приятно /рад, рада/ познакомиться, очень приятно (формула приветствия в момент представления или знакомства) > done (with you) ! ладно!, по рукам!, договорились!, идет! > do tell! неужели!, да ну! > to do and /or/ die победить или умереть > to do smb.'s business /the job/ for smb. погубить кого-л. > to do a dry (театроведение) (жаргон) забыть текст > to do a guy (сленг) прогуливать > to do the trick добиться, достигнуть цели > that'll do the trick это решит дело > to do dirt to smb. (сленг) сыграть плохую шутку с кем-л. > to do smb. to death убить, прикончить кого-л.;
    заездить, затаскать кого-л. > to do smb. up brown, to do smb. in the eye (сленг) нагло обманывать, дурачить кого-л. > done to the wide /to the world/ конченый, потерпевший полную неудачу;
    побежденный > well done! браво!, молодец!, здорово! > well begun is half done (пословица) хорошее начало полдела откачало > what is done cannot be undone( пословица) сделанного не воротишь > when in Rome do as the Romans do (пословица) в чужой стране жить - чужой обычай любить;
    в чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят (музыкальное) до (в сольмизации) сокр. от ditto то же самое;
    столько же he did not see me он меня не видел;
    did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
    do you smoke? вы курите? to ~ a beer выпить( кружку) пива to ~ a sum решать арифметическую задачу;
    what can I do for you? разг. чем могу служить? to ~ to death убить;
    to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
    = победить или умереть;
    what's to do? в чем дело? ~ as you would be done by поступай с другими так, как ты хотел бы, чтобы поступали с тобой ~ употр. при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: well do I remember it я хорошо это помню;
    do away with уничтожить;
    разделаться;
    отменять ~ by обращаться ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
    he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ употр. для усиления: do come пожалуйста, приходите;
    I did say so and I do say so now да, я это (действительно) сказал и еще раз повторяю ~ down брать верх ~ down надувать, обманывать ~ down уст. подавлять;
    преодолевать ~ for разг. (обыкн. pass.) губить, убивать;
    he is done for с ним покончено ~ for разг. заботиться, присматривать;
    вести хозяйство( кого-л.) ~ for разг. (ис) портить ~ for разг. справляться;
    to do for oneself обходиться без посторонней помощи ~ for разг. справляться;
    to do for oneself обходиться без посторонней помощи ~ причинять;
    to do (smb.) good быть (или оказаться) полезным (кому-л.) ;
    it doesn't do to complain что пользы в жалобах good: ~ добро, благо;
    to do (smb.) good помогать( кому-л.) ;
    исправлять( кого-л.) ~ исполнять (роль) ;
    действовать в качестве (кого-л.) ;
    to do Hamlet исполнять роль Гамлета to ~ harm причинять вред ~ in обмануть ~ in одолеть;
    победить в состязании ~ in переутомить ~ in погубить, убить ~ in разрушить to ~ in the eye жарг. нагло обманывать, дурачить;
    напакостить ~ into переводить;
    done into English переведено на английский (язык) ~ (did;
    done) делать, выполнять;
    to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
    to do one's work делать свою работу;
    to do lecturing читать лекции ~ military service проходить военную службу to ~ one's correspondence писать письма, отвечать на письма;
    вести переписку ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ прибирать, приводить в порядок;
    to do one's hair причесываться;
    to do the room убирать комнату ~ (did;
    done) делать, выполнять;
    to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
    to do one's work делать свою работу;
    to do lecturing читать лекции ~ (did;
    done) делать, выполнять;
    to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
    to do one's work делать свою работу;
    to do lecturing читать лекции to ~ one's worst из кожи вон лезть to ~ oneself well доставлять себе удовольствие to ~ to death убить;
    to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
    = победить или умереть;
    what's to do? в чем дело? to ~ (smb.) out (of smth.) надуть( кого-л.) ~ out убирать, прибирать ~ over переделывать, делать вновь ~ over покрывать (краской и т. п.), обмазывать ~ осматривать (достопримечательности) ;
    to do the British Museum осматривать Британский музей to ~ the business (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) ~ прибирать, приводить в порядок;
    to do one's hair причесываться;
    to do the room убирать комнату ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
    he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье to ~ to death убить;
    to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
    = победить или умереть;
    what's to do? в чем дело? ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
    he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
    he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
    to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
    to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ процветать, преуспевать;
    чувствовать себя хорошо;
    flowers will not do in this soil цветы не будут расти на этой почве;
    to do well поправляться, чувствовать себя хорошо ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
    I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
    I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ with терпеть, выносить;
    ладить( с кем-л.) ;
    I can't do with him я его не выношу ~ without обходиться без;
    he can't do without his pair of crutches он не может ходить без костылей he did not see me он меня не видел;
    did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
    do you smoke? вы курите? done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
    well done! браво!, молодцом! done: done разг. обманутый (тж. done brown) ~ сделанный ~ соответствующий обычаю, моде ~ p. p. от do;
    ~ in English составлено на английском языке (об официальном документе) ;
    it isn't done так не поступают;
    это не принято ~ усталый, в изнеможении ( часто done up) ~ хорошо приготовленный;
    прожаренный ~ into переводить;
    done into English переведено на английский (язык) ~ готовить, жарить, тушить;
    I like my meat very well done я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено;
    done to a turn прожарено хорошо, в меру turn: to a ~ точно;
    (meat is) done to a turn (мясо) зажарено как раз в меру done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
    well done! браво!, молодцом! ~ pl участие, доля;
    fair do's! чур, пополам! ~ процветать, преуспевать;
    чувствовать себя хорошо;
    flowers will not do in this soil цветы не будут расти на этой почве;
    to do well поправляться, чувствовать себя хорошо have done! довольно!, хватит!;
    перестань(те) ! have: ~ как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы: I have done, I had done я сделал, I shall have done я сделаю;
    to have done сделать you had better go home вам бы лучше пойти домой;
    have done! перестань(те) !;
    have no doubt можете не сомневаться ~ without обходиться без;
    he can't do without his pair of crutches он не может ходить без костылей he did away with himself он покончил с собой he did not see me он меня не видел;
    did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
    do you smoke? вы курите? ~ for разг. (обыкн. pass.) губить, убивать;
    he is done for с ним покончено ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
    ~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
    he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки he likes bathing and so I он любит купаться и я тоже ~ подходить, годиться;
    удовлетворять требованиям;
    быть достаточным;
    he will do for us он нам подходит;
    this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
    that will do достаточно, хорошо do употр. вместо другого глагола в Present и Past Indefinite во избежание его повторения: he works as much as you do (= work) он работает столько же, сколько и вы ~ поживать;
    how do you do? (тж. how d'ye do?) здравствуйте! how: ~ do you do?, ~ d'ye do? здравствуйте!;
    как поживаете? how-do-you-do: how-do-you-do = how do you do ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
    I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
    I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ with терпеть, выносить;
    ладить (с кем-л.) ;
    I can't do with him я его не выношу ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
    I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
    I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ употр. для усиления: do come пожалуйста, приходите;
    I did say so and I do say so now да, я это (действительно) сказал и еще раз повторяю ~ употр. в качестве вспомогательного глагола в отриц. и вопр. формах в Present и Past Indefinite: I do not speak French я не говорю по-французски ~ (perf.) кончать, заканчивать;
    покончить (с чем-л.) ;
    I have done with my work я кончил свою работу;
    let us have done with it оставим это, покончим с этим ~ готовить, жарить, тушить;
    I like my meat very well done я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено;
    done to a turn прожарено хорошо, в меру ~ разг. обманывать, надувать;
    I think you've been done мне кажется, что вас провели ~ причинять;
    to do (smb.) good быть (или оказаться) полезным (кому-л.) ;
    it doesn't do to complain что пользы в жалобах it won't ~ to play all day нельзя целый день играть it'll only ~ you good это вам будет только на пользу ~ (perf.) кончать, заканчивать;
    покончить (с чем-л.) ;
    I have done with my work я кончил свою работу;
    let us have done with it оставим это, покончим с этим the potatoes will be done in 10 minutes картошка будет готова через 10 минут ~ подходить, годиться;
    удовлетворять требованиям;
    быть достаточным;
    he will do for us он нам подходит;
    this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
    that will do достаточно, хорошо that's done it это довершило дело that: ~'s done it это решило дело, переполнило чашу this hat will ~ эта шляпа подходит this old custom is done away with c этим старым обычаем покончено ~ подходить, годиться;
    удовлетворять требованиям;
    быть достаточным;
    he will do for us он нам подходит;
    this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
    that will do достаточно, хорошо ~ разг. прием гостей, вечеринка;
    шутл. событие;
    we've got a do on tonight у нас сегодня вечер ~ употр. при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: well do I remember it я хорошо это помню;
    do away with уничтожить;
    разделаться;
    отменять done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
    well done! браво!, молодцом! well: ~ adv (better;
    best) хорошо! well done! отлично;
    здорово!;
    she is well spoken of у нее отличная репутация to ~ a sum решать арифметическую задачу;
    what can I do for you? разг. чем могу служить? what is done cannot be undone сделанного не воротишь undo: ~ уничтожать сделанное;
    to undo the seam распороть шов;
    to undo a treaty расторгнуть договор;
    what is done cannot be undone сделанного не поправишь to ~ to death убить;
    to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
    = победить или умереть;
    what's to do? в чем дело?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > do

  • 19 do

    I
    1. [du:] n (pl dos, do's [du:z])
    1. разг. обман, мошенничество, надувательство; «розыгрыш»

    the scheme was a do from the start - план с самого начала был сплошной липой

    2. разг. развлечение, веселье; вечер
    3. разг.
    1) сделка
    2) участие, доля

    fair do's /dos/! - всем поровну!

    that's not fair do's - это несправедливо, доли неравные

    4. австрал. разг. удача, успех
    5. разг. обслуживание

    ♢ do's /dos/ and don'ts - а) правила, нормы; the dos and don'ts of polite manners - правила поведения /хорошего тона/, этикет; he's in one of his do's - на него нашло; б) предписания и запреты

    a diet with numerous dos and don'ts - диета с многочисленными предписаниями и запретами

    2. [du: (полная форма); dʋ,də,d (редуцированные формы)]v́ (did, done; 3-е л. ед. ч. наст. вр. does)
    I
    1. 1) делать, производить действие

    what are you doing? - что вы делаете?

    he has done much for me - он много сделал для меня; он мне оказал большую услугу

    what can I do for you?, can I do anything for you? - чем я могу быть вам полезен?, что я могу сделать для вас?

    do as you are told - делайте, что вам велят /как вам говорят/

    what shall I do next? - что мне делать дальше?

    there's nothing to be done - делать нечего, ничего не поделаешь

    it can't be done! - это невозможно /немыслимо/!

    he won't do anything to you - он не сделает тебе ничего плохого, он не обидит тебя

    what is to be done? - что же делать?, что можно (в данном случае) сделать?

    what is to do? - прост. а) что же делать?; б) в чём дело?

    do what we would the boat was slowly sinking - несмотря на наши усилия, лодка продолжала медленно погружаться

    she didn't know what to do with herself - она не знала, куда ей себя девать /чем ей себя занять/

    he didn't know what to do with his hands - он не знал, куда девать свои руки; он был ужасно неловок

    2) делаться, происходить

    there's nothing doing - а) ничего особенного не происходит; б) дела идут неважно

    what's the weather doing? - как там погода?

    he came to see what was doing - прост. он пришёл посмотреть, что делается /происходит/

    3) поступать, делать

    to do well - поступать хорошо [ср. тж. II Б 1]

    you did well to refuse his invitation - вы правильно /хорошо/ сделали /поступили/, что не приняли его приглашения

    to do right [wrong] - поступать правильно [неправильно]

    what are you going to do about it? - как вы думаете в этом случае поступить?

    that's not done, those things are not done - так не поступают

    that's quite commonly done - в этом поступке нет ничего необычного; так все поступают

    how could you do such a thing? - как вы могли сделать такое?

    by so doing /by doing so/ you will save a lot of money - (поступив) таким образом вы сэкономите уйму денег

    4) заниматься (чем-л.); работать

    what does he do? - чем он занимается?

    what does he do for a living? - чем он зарабатывает на жизнь?, чем он занимается?

    I have nothing to do - мне нечего делать; мне нечем заняться

    are you doing anything tomorrow? - у вас есть какие-нибудь планы /дела/ на завтра?, вы заняты завтра?

    what is there to do? - что нужно сделать?, какие есть дела?

    get yourself something to do - найди себе какое-нибудь дело, займись чем-нибудь

    he's building a summer house for something to do - он строит себе летний домик от нечего делать

    5) обслуживать (кого-л.); заниматься (клиентом и т. п.)

    how much do they do you for here? - какова здесь стоимость обслуживания?

    I'll do you next, madam - через минуту я займусь вами, мадам; вы у меня следующая на очереди, мадам

    2. 1) осуществлять, выполнять; делать, проделывать

    to do one's work [one's duty, one's task, уст. smb.'s bidding] - выполнять работу [долг, задачу, чью-л. просьбу]

    to do odd jobs - выполнять случайную работу, жить случайным заработком

    to do smb.'s will - исполнить чью-л. волю

    the amount of work he has done is amazing - просто удивительно, какую он проделал огромную работу

    to do one's best /one's utmost, all one can, everything in one's power/ - сделать всё возможное, не жалеть сил

    2) творить, делать

    to do miracles /wonders/ - творить чудеса

    to do good - творить добро [см. тж. II А 1, 1)]

    3. 1) ( часто с for) годиться, подходить; быть достаточным

    he has enough money to do him till the end of the year - этих денег ему хватит до конца года

    that will do - а) это подойдёт; б) этого достаточно

    that will not do - а) это не подойдёт; б) так не выйдет; так не годится

    that will not do (for) me - это мне не подходит, это меня не устраивает

    that will never do - это совершенно недопустимо, это никуда не годится

    it would never do for you to see them - не годится /не следует/ вам встречаться с ними

    will that do? - а) это годится?; б) этого хватит?

    will these shoes do you? - такие башмаки вас устроят /вам подойдут/?

    that would hardly do - а) вряд ли этого хватит; б) это вряд ли уместно

    she made her old dress do another season - она подправила старое платье и проносила его ещё сезон

    2) (with, without) довольствоваться, обходиться

    you must make do with what you have - нужно обходиться тем, что есть

    to be just able to make do - иметь скромный достаток, кое-как сводить концы с концами

    how many can you do with? - сколько вам нужно?

    I think I can do with six - думаю, что шести хватит

    can he do without cigarettes? - он может обойтись без сигарет?

    4. разг.
    1) обманывать, надувать

    I am afraid you have been done - боюсь, что вас обманули

    2) (out of) обманом отбирать; выживать

    to do smb. out of a job - подсидеть кого-л.

    I've been done out of my money - ≅ плакали мои денежки

    II А
    1. 1) приносить (пользу и т. п.)

    to do good - приносить пользу [см. тж. I 2]

    to do much good - быть очень полезным; приводить к (очень) хорошим результатам

    did the medicine do you any good? - вам помогло (это) лекарство?

    let's see what a bit of flattery will do - посмотрим, что даст небольшая доза лести /чего можно добиться небольшой дозой лести/

    2) причинять (ущерб и т. п.)

    what harm is he doing you? - чем он вам мешает?

    3) оказывать (услугу и т. п.)

    to do (smb.) a favour [a kindness] - оказать (кому-л.) услугу [любезность]

    will you do me a favour? - не окажете ли вы мне услугу?, могу ли я попросить вас об одной услуге?

    to do smb. a good [a bad] turn - оказать кому-л. хорошую [плохую] услугу

    to do honour - оказывать честь /внимание/

    4) воздавать (должное и т. п.)

    to do justice - а) воздать должное; оценить по заслугам; that photograph does not do you justice - в жизни вы лучше, чем на этой фотографии; б) справедливости ради; to do him justice he is no fool - справедливости ради надо сказать, что он совсем не глуп

    to do smb. an injustice - несправедливо относиться к кому-л.; обижать кого-л.

    5) делать (честь и т. п.)
    2. 1) заниматься (какой-л. деятельностью или каким-л. делом)

    to do lecturing [painting, gardening] - заниматься чтением лекций [живописью, садоводством]

    to do one's military service - проходить воинскую службу, служить (в армии)

    2) выполнять функции (кого-л.); выступать (в каком-л. качестве)

    who will do the interpreter? - кто возьмёт на себя роль переводчика?

    he does the host admirably - он замечательно выполняет роль хозяина, он отлично справляется с ролью хозяина

    3) стараться быть или выглядеть (каким-л.), усердствовать в (какой-л.) роли
    4) изучать (какую-л. дисциплину)

    is he doing German at school? - он занимается в школе немецким?

    to do a book - проработать или прорецензировать книгу [см. тж. 5)]

    5) писать (статьи и т.)

    to do articles for a magazine - писать статьи для журнала, сотрудничать в журнале

    to do a book - написать книгу [см. тж. 4)]

    6) писать (портрет и т. п.)
    7) решать (задачи и т. п.)

    to do a sum /a problem/ - решать арифметическую задачу

    3. 1) делать (упражнение, фигуру и т. п.)
    4. убирать (помещение и т. п.); приводить в порядок (волосы, платье и т. п.)

    to do the windows [the dishes] - мыть окна [посуду]

    to do one's hair - причесаться; сделать причёску

    to do one's face - попудриться, накраситься, сделать макияж; ≅ привести в порядок лицо

    5. готовить, приготовлять ( пищу); жарить, тушить и т. п.

    I like my meat very well done - я люблю, когда мясо хорошо прожарено

    is the meat done yet? - мясо уже готово?

    to do smth. brown - поджарить что-л., подрумянить что-л.

    done to a turn - отлично прожаренный, поджаренный как надо

    6. разг. осматривать ( достопримечательности)

    to do a museum [a picture gallery, a town, (the) sights] - осматривать музей [картинную галерею, город, достопримечательности]

    you can't do Moscow in a day - нельзя познакомиться с Москвой за один день

    7. покрывать, проезжать, проходить ( определённое расстояние)

    he can do the distance in an hour - он может пройти / или проехать/ это расстояние за час

    8. отбывать (срок наказания и т. п.)

    he is doing a ten-year term - он отбывает десятилетний срок тюремного заключения

    he did ten years - разг. он отсидел десять лет

    9. ком.
    1) продавать, поставлять ( по определённой цене)

    they can do you this at £5 a piece - они могут продать /поставить/ вам этот товар по 5 фунтов за штуку

    2) погасить ( вексель)
    3) оплатить ( чек)
    II Б
    1. to do /to be doing/ well, splendidly, etc разг. [ср. тж. I 1]
    1) процветать, преуспевать

    he is doing well now - а) у него сейчас хорошо идут дела; б) он сейчас хорошо зарабатывает

    2) поправляться; чувствовать себя хорошо

    the patient is doing well now - больной поправляется; больной теперь чувствует себя хорошо

    is the baby doing well? - хорошо ли растёт /развивается/ малыш?

    3) успешно справляться (с чем-л.); хорошо проявлять себя (в чём-л.)

    he did very well today - а) сегодня он показал себя с очень хорошей стороны; б) сегодня он справился (с делом) очень хорошо

    2. to do /to be doing/ badly, poorly, etc ≅ дела идут неважно

    he did poorly at his examination - он плохо сдал экзамен, он провалил экзамен

    how did he do at the exhibition? - как у него дела на выставке?, как были приняты на выставке его работы?

    3. to do smb. well /handsomely, etc/ разг. хорошо принимать, угощать, обслуживать кого-л.

    he will certainly do you well - он, конечно, очень хорошо примет вас

    they do you very well at that hotel - в этой гостинице очень хорошее обслуживание

    to do smb. proud - угостить кого-л. на славу

    to do oneself well /proud/ - доставить себе удовольствие; не отказывать себе ни в чём, роскошествовать

    cigars! your friend does himself well - ещё и сигары! да, ваш друг ни в чём себе не отказывает

    4. to do somehow by (книжн. to, unto) smb. обращаться /обходиться/ как-л. с кем-л., относиться как-л. к кому-л.

    he complained that he has been hard done by - он жаловался, что с ним плохо обошлись /что с ним плохо поступили/

    do as you would be done by - поступай с другими так, как ты хотел бы, чтобы поступали с тобой

    5. to be /to have/ done ( with) разг. кончать, заканчивать, завершать

    one more point and I have /am/ done - ещё один пункт, и я кончаю

    have done (with) crying! - перестань(те) плакать!

    have done with compliments! - довольно комплиментов!

    I have done with politics - я оставил политику, я больше не занимаюсь политикой

    will he never have done? - кончит он наконец?

    be done!, have done! - хватит!, кончай!

    have you done supper? - ты кончил ужинать?

    6. to have done ( with) smb. разг. покончить, разделаться с кем-л.; победить кого-л.

    I haven't done with him yet - я ещё с ним не рассчитался /не расквитался/

    that's done you! - попался!

    7. to do for smb., smth., часто p. p., разг.
    1) губить

    to do for a rival - разделаться с соперником /с конкурентом/

    another stroke would do for him - ещё один удар - и ему конец, он не перенесёт второго удара

    we're done for! - мы погибли!

    but for you, I'd have been done for - если бы не ты, мне была бы крышка

    2) портить, приводить в негодность

    if such a thing is broken it is done for - если такая вещь сломалась, она уже ни на что не годна

    I am afraid these shoes are done for - боюсь, что этим ботинкам пришёл конец

    8. to do for smb. заботиться о ком-л.; ухаживать за кем-л.; вести чьё-л. хозяйство; быть приходящей прислугой у кого-л.

    who does for you? - кто у вас занимается хозяйством?; кто за вами ухаживает?

    she does for Mr. Brown - она ведёт хозяйство у г-на Брауна; она приходит убирать к г-ну Брауну

    9. to do (a text, etc) into another language перевести (текст и т. п.) на другой язык

    to do an article into English [into French] - перевести статью на английский [на французский] язык

    10. 1) can /could/ do with smth. не помешало бы, не повредило бы, хотелось бы

    I could /can/ do with a cup of tea - я не отказался бы от чашки чая

    2) cannot /could not/ do with smth. не терпеть, не мириться, не выносить
    III А
    1. в сочетании с рядом существительных обозначает действия, названные существительным:

    I do believe you! - ну конечно, я вам верю!

    you do play the piano well! - как хорошо вы играете на рояле!

    I do think you ought to go there - я убеждён, что вам следует поехать /пойти/ туда

    that's just what people did say - это как раз то /именно то/, что говорили (люди)

    did we talk! - ох и поговорили же мы!; уж мы поговорили всласть

    well do I remember it - уж это-то я помню очень хорошо!

    little did he think then that... - тогда ему и в голову не приходило, что...

    do help me! - ну помоги же мне!

    do be quiet! - ну замолчи же!

    do go! - знаешь, уйди!; послушай, уйди!

    do come! - очень прошу тебя, приходи!

    he likes to find fault, does the doctor - уж и любит этот доктор придираться

    he needs to be taught manners, he does! - его обязательно надо научить, как себя вести!

    why act as you do? - зачем поступать так, как вы поступаете?

    who took that? - I did - кто взял это? - Я (взял)

    I (don't) like coffee, do you? - я (не) люблю кофе, а вы?

    you didn't see him, nor did I - вы его не видели, и я тоже

    I don't like being interrupted. - Who does? - не люблю, когда меня прерывают. - А кто любит?

    they travel a good deal. - Do they? - они много путешествуют - Неужели /Разве/?

    III Б
    1) служит для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм настоящего и прошедшего времени:

    do you speak English? - Yes, I do - вы говорите по-английски? - Да

    does he know it? - No, he doesn't - он знает это? - Нет

    don't do it! - не делай этого!

    do not speak! - не говори!, молчи!

    don't be afraid! - не бойся!

    don't be silly! - не глупи!

    don't! - перестань!

    ♢

    to have to do with smth. - заниматься чем-л.; иметь своим предметом что-л.

    philosophy has to do with all aspects of life - философия изучает жизнь во всех её аспектах

    to have smth. to do with smb. [smth.] - иметь отношение к кому-л. [к чему-л.]

    I'm sure he has something to do with it - я уверен, что без него здесь не обошлось /что он приложил к этому руку/

    have you anything to do with it? - вы имеете к этому отношение?

    this has little to do with art - это имеет (весьма) отдалённое отношение к искусству

    how do you do? - а) здравствуйте, добрый день и т. п. ( формула приветствия при встрече); б) как дела?, как поживаете?; в) приятно /рад, рада/ познакомиться, очень приятно ( формула приветствия в момент представления или знакомства)

    done (with you)! - ладно!, по рукам!, договорились!, идёт!

    do tell! - неужели?, да ну?!

    to do and /or/ die - ≅ победить или умереть

    to do smb.'s business /the job/ for smb. - погубить кого-л.

    to do a dry - театр. жарг. забыть текст

    to do a guy - сл. прогуливать

    to do the trick - добиться, достигнуть цели

    to do dirt to smb., to do the dirty on smb. - сл. сыграть плохую шутку с кем-л.

    to do smb. to death - а) убить, прикончить кого-л.; б) заездить, затаскать кого-л.

    to do smb. up brown, to do smb. in the eye - сл. нагло обманывать, дурачить кого-л.

    done to the wide /to the world/ - конченый, потерпевший полную неудачу; побеждённый

    well done! - браво! молодец!, здорово!

    well begun is half done - посл. хорошее начало полдела откачало

    what is done cannot be undone - посл. сделанного не воротишь

    when in Rome do as the Romans do - посл. ≅ в чужой стране жить - чужой обычай любить; в чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят

    II [dəʋ] муз. II [du:] сокр. от ditto I 1

    НБАРС > do

  • 20 za1

    Ⅰ praep. 1. (dalej, z tyłu) behind (kimś/czymś sb/sth)
    - przekroczył linię mety dwie sekundy za zwycięzcą he crossed the line two seconds behind the winner
    - zajęli drugie miejsce za drużyną z Krakowa they came in second place behind the Cracow team
    - stała za młodym mężczyzną she was standing behind a young man
    - autobus jechał za ciężarówką the bus was travelling behind a lorry
    - pies biegł za tramwajem a dog was running behind the tram
    - jeden za drugim one after the other a. another
    - zamknij drzwi za sobą close the door after you
    - brama powoli zamknęła się za nimi the gate slowly closed behind them
    - oglądać się za kimś to look back at sb
    - mieć coś za sobą (w przeszłości) to have sth behind one
    - mieć kogoś za sobą (mieć poparcie) to have sb behind one
    - najgorsze jest już za nami the worst is behind us a. is over
    - ma za sobą trzyletnie doświadczenie he has three years’ experience behind him
    - rząd ma za sobą policję i wojsko the government have the police and the military behind them
    - za czyimiś plecami behind sb’s back także przen.
    2. (poza) za murami miasta beyond city walls
    - mieszkają za miastem they live outside town a. the city
    - wyjechać za miasto to go out of town
    3. (po przeciwnej stronie) [znajdować się] behind, beyond (kimś/czymś sb/sth)
    - za biurkiem/ladą behind the desk/counter
    - za oceanem beyond the ocean
    4. (na przeciwną stronę) [udać się] behind, beyond (coś sth)
    - słońce schowało się za chmury the sun hid behind some clouds
    - włożyła banknoty za stanik she hid the banknotes in her bra
    - pojechać za granicę to go abroad
    - wyrzucić kogoś za drzwi to throw sb out
    - patrzyć za siebie to look back
    5. (wskazuje na sposób) by (coś sth)
    - wziąć kogoś za rękę to take sb by the hand
    - trzymała torbę za pasek she held her bag by the strap
    6. (z określeniem kwoty) for (coś sth)
    - 10 jajek za dwa złote 10 eggs for two zlotys
    - kupić/sprzedać coś za 100 złotych to buy/sell sth for 100 zlotys
    - za nic bym tego nie zrobił I wouldn’t do that a. it for anything
    - za darmo for free
    - za wszelką cenę przen. at any price
    - za żadną cenę not at any price
    7. (wskazuje na przedmiot transakcji) for (coś sth)
    - ile płacisz za telefon? how much do you pay for your telephone?
    - cennik opłat za świadczone przez nas usługi a list of fees for services we provide
    8. (wskazuje na powód kary, nagrody) for (coś sth)
    - kara/nagroda za coś a penalty/reward for sth
    - ukarać/nagrodzić kogoś za coś to punish/reward sb for sth
    - skazać kogoś za kradzież to sentence sb for theft
    - pogniewała się na niego za spóźnienie she was cross with him for being late
    - dostał medal za uratowanie tonącego he got a medal for saving a drowning man
    9 (wskazuje na cel) for (coś sth)
    - naprawdę chcesz umrzeć za ojczyznę? do you really want to die for your country?
    - modlić się za kogoś/za czyjąś duszę to pray for sb/for sb’s soul
    - (wypijmy) za zdrowie młodej pary! (let’s drink) to the bride and groom!
    10 (wskazuje na warunek, okoliczności) on, at (czymś sth/doing sth)
    - wejście tylko za przepustką a. okazaniem przepustki entry on presentation of a valid pass
    - za czyjąś zgodą with sb’s permission a. consent
    - wyszedł za kaucją he was released on bail
    - oddaj mu to za pokwitowaniem give it to him and ask for a receipt
    - za czyjąś radą on sb’s advice
    - za czyjąś namową at sb’s instigation
    11 (wskazuje na powtarzające się okoliczności) at (czymś sth)
    - za pierwszym/drugim razem (the) first/second time round
    - za każdym razem each a. every time
    - trafił do tarczy dopiero za trzecim razem he only managed to hit the target on the third go
    - zdał egzamin za trzecim podejściem he passed the exam at the third attempt
    12 (w zastępstwie) for, instead of (kogoś sb)
    - napisał za nią wypracowanie he wrote her essay for her
    - wzięła dyżur za chorą koleżankę she covered her sick friend’s shift
    - pracować za dwóch to do enough work for two
    - pił za trzech he drank enough for three (people)
    - gadać za dziesięciu to talk nineteen to the dozen GB pot., to run off at the mouth US pot.
    13 (wskazujące na upływ czasu) in
    - za godzinę in an hour a. an hour’s time
    - za trzy lata in three years a. three year’s time
    - za chwilę wybije północ it’ll be midnight in a minute
    14 (w określeniach czasu) za pięć szósta (at) five to six
    - „która godzina?” – „za dziesięć pierwsza” ‘what’s the time?’ – ‘ten to one’
    - pociąg odchodzi za dwadzieścia trzecia the train leaves at twenty to three
    15 (wskazuje na okres) during, in
    - za jej życia during a. in her lifetime
    - za króla Kazimierza Wielkiego during a. in the reign of Casimir the Great
    - za komuny pot. during a. in communist times
    - za kadencji poprzedniego prezydenta during the term of office of the previous president
    - za czasów Księstwa Warszawskiego during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw
    - za młodu sporo podróżował in his youth he did quite a bit a. a fair bit of travelling
    - dzień za dniem/rok za rokiem one day/year after another
    - wynagrodzenie za trzy miesiące three months’ wages
    - zapłacić czynsz za styczeń to pay the rent for January
    16 (wskazuje na właściwość) as
    - uważano go za ekscentryka he was regarded as an eccentric
    - przebrała się za Kopciuszka she dressed up as Cinderella
    - klucz posłużył mu za narzędzie do otwarcia butelki he used the key as a bottle opener
    - z krótkimi włosami można ją wziąć za chłopca with her short hair she could be taken for a boy
    17 (wskazuje na upodobania) przepadać za czymś to go in for a. be fond of sth
    - tęsknić za kimś to miss sb; to yearn for sb książk.
    - szaleć za kimś to be mad about sb
    - uganiać się a. latać za babami pot. to chase (after) women
    18 pot. biegać a. chodzić za czymś (umieć załatwiać) to run around after sth pot.
    - jeździł po Polsce za towarem he travelled around Poland looking for goods
    Ⅱ adj. argumenty za i przeciw pros and cons
    - wyważyć wszystkie za i przeciw to weigh up (all) the pros and cons
    - 20 głosów za i 5 przeciw 20 votes for and 5 against
    - jestem za I’m in favour
    Ⅲ za to but, yet
    - tani, za to pożywny cheap but a. yet nourishing

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > za1

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